{"id":60,"date":"2025-10-16T09:15:44","date_gmt":"2025-10-16T07:15:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/clases.jesussoto.es\/?p=60"},"modified":"2025-10-15T17:33:28","modified_gmt":"2025-10-15T15:33:28","slug":"mathbio-funciones-reales-de-una-variable-real","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/clases.jesussoto.es\/?p=60","title":{"rendered":"MathBio: Funciones reales de una variable real"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1>Funci\u00f3n real de variable real<\/h1>\n<p>Una funci\u00f3n real de variable real \\(f:D\\to\\mathbb{R}\\) es una correspondencia de \\(D\\subset\\mathbb{R}\\) en \\(\\mathbb{R}\\) que asigne a todo \\(x\\in D\\) a lo m\u00e1s un n\u00famero real \\(y=f(x)\\).<\/p>\n<p>Esta definici\u00f3n nos da paso a definir el dominio:<br \/>\n\\[\\mathcal{D}(f)=\\{x\\in D;\\ \\exists f(x)\\in\\mathbb{R} \\} =Dom(f)\\]<br \/>\nE imagen:<br \/>\n\\[Im(f)=\\{y\\in \\mathbb{R};\\ \\exists x\\in D,\\ f(x)=y \\} \\]<\/p>\n<p>Como vemos trabajamos sobre el conjunto de los n\u00fameros reales. Los n\u00fameros reales tiene estructura algebraica de cuerpo, lo que confiere ciertas propiedades(aqu\u00ed las ten\u00e9is, <a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/N%C3%BAmero_real\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">N\u00famero real<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p>Una de las m\u00e1s interesantes es que satisface el axioma del supremo:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>Todo conjunto no vac\u00edo y acotado superiormente tiene un supremo.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>Con los n\u00fameros reales podemos crear sucesiones; es decir, una aplicaci\u00f3n, \\(\\phi:\\mathbb{N}\\to\\mathbb{R}\\), dada mediante \\(\\phi(i)=a_i\\) donde \\(a_i\\) es un n\u00famero real. Normalmente mostraremos esta sucesi\u00f3n ordenada y la notaremos por \\((a_n)_{n=0}^\\infty\\) o simplemente \\((a_n)\\).<\/p>\n<p>Las sucesiones pueden ser de diversas formas, pero a nosotros nos interesan aquellas que siguen un determinado patr\u00f3n.<\/p>\n<h1>L\u00edmites<\/h1>\n<p>Decimos que una sucesi\u00f3n de n\u00fameros reales, \\((a_n)\\), tiene por l\u00edmite el n\u00famero real \\(a\\), y lo notaremos \\(\\displaystyle\\lim a_n=a\\), si para todo n\u00famero real positivo \\(\\epsilon\\) existe un n\u00famero natural, \\(\\eta\\), a partir del cual la diferencia entre \\(a\\) y el t\u00e9rmino de la sucesi\u00f3n es menor que \\(\\varepsilon\\); expresado de otro modo \\[ \\forall\\: \\epsilon\\in\\mathbb{R}, \\epsilon&gt;0\\;\\exists\\; \\eta\\in\\mathbb{N}; \\ \\eta\\leqslant n\\Longrightarrow |a-a_n|\\leqslant\\epsilon \\]<\/p>\n<h1>L\u00edmite de una funci\u00f3n<\/h1>\n<p>Lo anterior se traslada f\u00e1cilmente a una funci\u00f3n:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>Diremos que \\(\\alpha\\in\\mathbb{R}\\) es el l\u00edmite de \\(f(x)\\) cuando \\(x\\) tiende a \\(x_0\\) en un intervalo \\(I\\), y lo notaremos mediante \\[\\displaystyle\\lim_{x\\to x_0}f(x)=\\alpha,\\] si para todo \\(\\epsilon\\in\\mathbb{R}\\) existe \\(\\delta\\in\\mathbb{R}\\), tal que \\(|x-x_0|\\leqslant \\delta\\) con \\(x\\in I\\) y \\(x\\neq x_0\\), cumple que \\(|f(x)-\\alpha|\\leqslant\\epsilon\\).<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>Acabamos de introducir el concepto m\u00e1s importantes del c\u00e1lculo. Como dice George Brinton Thomas, en su libro Calculo una variable, \u00abEl concepto de l\u00edmite de una funci\u00f3n es una de las ideas fundamentales que distingue al c\u00e1lculo del \u00e1lgebra y la trigonometr\u00eda\u00bb. En s\u00edntesis, el c\u00e1lculo es el estudio de l\u00edmites.<\/p>\n<p>Tomemos ahora una funci\u00f3n de una variable \\({\\displaystyle f:D\\subseteq \\mathbb {R} \\longrightarrow \\mathbb {R} }\\) y un punto \\(x\\) del dominio \\(D\\) de esta funci\u00f3n, aproxim\u00e1ndose a \\(c\\), pero tomando solo valores m\u00e1s grandes que \u00e9l. Formalmente estar\u00edamos tomando los \\(x\\) que verifican \\({\\displaystyle 0&lt;x-c&lt;\\delta }\\)para ciertos \\(\\delta\\). Si la funci\u00f3n tiende a un valor \\(L^+\\), se dice que \u00abexiste el l\u00edmite por derecha\u00bb y se denota as\u00ed \\[\\lim _{{x\\to c^{+}}}f(x)=L^{+}\\]<\/p>\n<p>Tomando valores m\u00e1s peque\u00f1os, es decir los \\(x\\) tales que  \\(0&lt;-(x-c)&lt;\\delta \\), el l\u00edmite puede ser escrito como:\\[\\lim_{{x\\to c^{-}}}f(x)=L^{-}\\]<\/p>\n<p>Si los dos l\u00edmites anteriores son iguales:\\[\\lim_{{x\\to c^{-}}}f(x)=\\lim _{{x\\to c^{+}}}f(x)=L\\] entonces \\(L\\) se pueden referir como el l\u00edmite de \\(f(x)\\) en \\(c\\). Dicho de otro modo, si los l\u00edmites laterales no son iguales, entonces el l\u00edmite no existe.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><strong>Ejemplo:<\/strong> Determinar \\(\\lim_{x\\to 0}\\frac{|x|}{x}\\)<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><script>\nfunction showHtmlDiv3x4() {\n  var htmlShow3x4 = document.getElementById(\"html-show3x4\");\n  if (htmlShow3x4.style.display === \"none\") {\n    htmlShow3x4.style.display = \"block\";\n  } else {\n    htmlShow3x4.style.display = \"none\";\n  }\n}\n<\/script><\/p>\n<p><button onclick=\"showHtmlDiv3x4()\">Soluci\u00f3n:<\/button><\/p>\n<div id=\"html-show3x4\" style=\"display: none;\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Matem\u00e1tica Aplicada - L\u00edmites laterales de funciones reales. Ej.1 - Jes\u00fas Soto\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/HPcfYsllk84?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<table class=\"wikitable\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>L\u00edmite de<\/th>\n<th>Expresi\u00f3n\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Una constante<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"mwe-math-element\"><span class=\"mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y\" style=\"display: none;\"><math xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\"  alttext=\"{\\displaystyle \\lim _{x\\to c}k=\\,k,\\,{\\textrm {donde}}\\ k\\in \\mathbb {R} \\,}\">\n  <semantics>\n    <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n      <mstyle displaystyle=\"true\" scriptlevel=\"0\">\n        <munder>\n          <mo movablelimits=\"true\" form=\"prefix\">lim<\/mo>\n          <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n            <mi>x<\/mi>\n            <mo stretchy=\"false\">&#x2192;<!-- \u2192 --><\/mo>\n            <mi>c<\/mi>\n          <\/mrow>\n        <\/munder>\n        <mi>k<\/mi>\n        <mo>=<\/mo>\n        <mspace width=\"thinmathspace\" \/>\n        <mi>k<\/mi>\n        <mo>,<\/mo>\n        <mspace width=\"thinmathspace\" \/>\n        <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n          <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n            <mtext>donde<\/mtext>\n          <\/mrow>\n        <\/mrow>\n        <mtext>&#xA0;<\/mtext>\n        <mi>k<\/mi>\n        <mo>&#x2208;<!-- \u2208 --><\/mo>\n        <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n          <mi mathvariant=\"double-struck\">R<\/mi>\n        <\/mrow>\n        <mspace width=\"thinmathspace\" \/>\n      <\/mstyle>\n    <\/mrow>\n    <annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">{\\displaystyle \\lim _{x\\to c}k=\\,k,\\,{\\textrm {donde}}\\ k\\in \\mathbb {R} \\,}<\/annotation>\n  <\/semantics>\n<\/math><\/span><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wikimedia.org\/api\/rest_v1\/media\/math\/render\/svg\/63b6e734e45dcd3c64360d7d2f16f0c4d99ae7bd\" class=\"mwe-math-fallback-image-inline\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:23.782ex; height:3.676ex;\" alt=\"\\lim _{{x\\to c}}k=\\,k,\\,{\\textrm  {donde}}\\ k\\in \\mathbb{R} \\,\"><\/span>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>La funci\u00f3n identidad<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"mwe-math-element\"><span class=\"mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y\" style=\"display: none;\"><math xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\"  alttext=\"{\\displaystyle \\lim _{x\\to c}x=\\,c\\,}\">\n  <semantics>\n    <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n      <mstyle displaystyle=\"true\" scriptlevel=\"0\">\n        <munder>\n          <mo movablelimits=\"true\" form=\"prefix\">lim<\/mo>\n          <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n            <mi>x<\/mi>\n            <mo stretchy=\"false\">&#x2192;<!-- \u2192 --><\/mo>\n            <mi>c<\/mi>\n          <\/mrow>\n        <\/munder>\n        <mi>x<\/mi>\n        <mo>=<\/mo>\n        <mspace width=\"thinmathspace\" \/>\n        <mi>c<\/mi>\n        <mspace width=\"thinmathspace\" \/>\n      <\/mstyle>\n    <\/mrow>\n    <annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">{\\displaystyle \\lim _{x\\to c}x=\\,c\\,}<\/annotation>\n  <\/semantics>\n<\/math><\/span><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wikimedia.org\/api\/rest_v1\/media\/math\/render\/svg\/1a5fb4ac0d4b44c8a678f9cfeba291ce19f8af77\" class=\"mwe-math-fallback-image-inline\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:9.892ex; height:3.676ex;\" alt=\"\\lim _{{x\\to c}}x=\\,c\\,\"><\/span>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>El producto de una funci\u00f3n y una constante<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"mwe-math-element\"><span class=\"mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y\" style=\"display: none;\"><math xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\"  alttext=\"{\\displaystyle \\lim _{x\\to c}kf(x)=\\,k\\lim _{x\\to c}f(x)\\,}\">\n  <semantics>\n    <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n      <mstyle displaystyle=\"true\" scriptlevel=\"0\">\n        <munder>\n          <mo movablelimits=\"true\" form=\"prefix\">lim<\/mo>\n          <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n            <mi>x<\/mi>\n            <mo stretchy=\"false\">&#x2192;<!-- \u2192 --><\/mo>\n            <mi>c<\/mi>\n          <\/mrow>\n        <\/munder>\n        <mi>k<\/mi>\n        <mi>f<\/mi>\n        <mo stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mo>\n        <mi>x<\/mi>\n        <mo stretchy=\"false\">)<\/mo>\n        <mo>=<\/mo>\n        <mspace width=\"thinmathspace\" \/>\n        <mi>k<\/mi>\n        <munder>\n          <mo movablelimits=\"true\" form=\"prefix\">lim<\/mo>\n          <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n            <mi>x<\/mi>\n            <mo stretchy=\"false\">&#x2192;<!-- \u2192 --><\/mo>\n            <mi>c<\/mi>\n          <\/mrow>\n        <\/munder>\n        <mi>f<\/mi>\n        <mo stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mo>\n        <mi>x<\/mi>\n        <mo stretchy=\"false\">)<\/mo>\n        <mspace width=\"thinmathspace\" \/>\n      <\/mstyle>\n    <\/mrow>\n    <annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">{\\displaystyle \\lim _{x\\to c}kf(x)=\\,k\\lim _{x\\to c}f(x)\\,}<\/annotation>\n  <\/semantics>\n<\/math><\/span><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wikimedia.org\/api\/rest_v1\/media\/math\/render\/svg\/d2f040b07a756f65c381f40879efa42d017b669b\" class=\"mwe-math-fallback-image-inline\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:22.882ex; height:3.843ex;\" alt=\"\\lim _{{x\\to c}}kf(x)=\\,k\\lim _{{x\\to c}}f(x)\\,\"><\/span>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Una suma<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"mwe-math-element\"><span class=\"mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y\" style=\"display: none;\"><math xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\"  alttext=\"{\\displaystyle \\lim _{x\\to c}(f(x)+g(x))=\\,\\lim _{x\\to c}f(x)+\\lim _{x\\to c}g(x)\\,}\">\n  <semantics>\n    <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n      <mstyle displaystyle=\"true\" scriptlevel=\"0\">\n        <munder>\n          <mo movablelimits=\"true\" form=\"prefix\">lim<\/mo>\n          <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n            <mi>x<\/mi>\n            <mo stretchy=\"false\">&#x2192;<!-- \u2192 --><\/mo>\n            <mi>c<\/mi>\n          <\/mrow>\n        <\/munder>\n        <mo stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mo>\n        <mi>f<\/mi>\n        <mo stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mo>\n        <mi>x<\/mi>\n        <mo stretchy=\"false\">)<\/mo>\n        <mo>+<\/mo>\n        <mi>g<\/mi>\n        <mo stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mo>\n        <mi>x<\/mi>\n        <mo stretchy=\"false\">)<\/mo>\n        <mo stretchy=\"false\">)<\/mo>\n        <mo>=<\/mo>\n        <mspace width=\"thinmathspace\" \/>\n        <munder>\n          <mo movablelimits=\"true\" form=\"prefix\">lim<\/mo>\n          <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n            <mi>x<\/mi>\n            <mo stretchy=\"false\">&#x2192;<!-- \u2192 --><\/mo>\n            <mi>c<\/mi>\n          <\/mrow>\n        <\/munder>\n        <mi>f<\/mi>\n        <mo stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mo>\n        <mi>x<\/mi>\n        <mo stretchy=\"false\">)<\/mo>\n        <mo>+<\/mo>\n        <munder>\n          <mo movablelimits=\"true\" form=\"prefix\">lim<\/mo>\n          <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n            <mi>x<\/mi>\n            <mo stretchy=\"false\">&#x2192;<!-- \u2192 --><\/mo>\n            <mi>c<\/mi>\n          <\/mrow>\n        <\/munder>\n        <mi>g<\/mi>\n        <mo stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mo>\n        <mi>x<\/mi>\n        <mo stretchy=\"false\">)<\/mo>\n        <mspace width=\"thinmathspace\" \/>\n      <\/mstyle>\n    <\/mrow>\n    <annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">{\\displaystyle \\lim _{x\\to c}(f(x)+g(x))=\\,\\lim _{x\\to c}f(x)+\\lim _{x\\to c}g(x)\\,}<\/annotation>\n  <\/semantics>\n<\/math><\/span><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wikimedia.org\/api\/rest_v1\/media\/math\/render\/svg\/6db9c33cdcc5d869141e9c791ad1556857cb8150\" class=\"mwe-math-fallback-image-inline\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:39.368ex; height:3.843ex;\" alt=\"\\lim _{{x\\to c}}(f(x)+g(x))=\\,\\lim _{{x\\to c}}f(x)+\\lim _{{x\\to c}}g(x)\\,\"><\/span>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Una resta<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"mwe-math-element\"><span class=\"mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y\" style=\"display: none;\"><math xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\"  alttext=\"{\\displaystyle \\lim _{x\\to c}(f(x)-g(x))=\\,\\lim _{x\\to c}f(x)-\\lim _{x\\to c}g(x)\\,}\">\n  <semantics>\n    <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n      <mstyle displaystyle=\"true\" scriptlevel=\"0\">\n        <munder>\n          <mo movablelimits=\"true\" form=\"prefix\">lim<\/mo>\n          <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n            <mi>x<\/mi>\n            <mo stretchy=\"false\">&#x2192;<!-- \u2192 --><\/mo>\n            <mi>c<\/mi>\n          <\/mrow>\n        <\/munder>\n        <mo stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mo>\n        <mi>f<\/mi>\n        <mo stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mo>\n        <mi>x<\/mi>\n        <mo stretchy=\"false\">)<\/mo>\n        <mo>&#x2212;<!-- \u2212 --><\/mo>\n        <mi>g<\/mi>\n        <mo stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mo>\n        <mi>x<\/mi>\n        <mo stretchy=\"false\">)<\/mo>\n        <mo stretchy=\"false\">)<\/mo>\n        <mo>=<\/mo>\n        <mspace width=\"thinmathspace\" \/>\n        <munder>\n          <mo movablelimits=\"true\" form=\"prefix\">lim<\/mo>\n          <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n            <mi>x<\/mi>\n            <mo stretchy=\"false\">&#x2192;<!-- \u2192 --><\/mo>\n            <mi>c<\/mi>\n          <\/mrow>\n        <\/munder>\n        <mi>f<\/mi>\n        <mo stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mo>\n        <mi>x<\/mi>\n        <mo stretchy=\"false\">)<\/mo>\n        <mo>&#x2212;<!-- \u2212 --><\/mo>\n        <munder>\n          <mo movablelimits=\"true\" form=\"prefix\">lim<\/mo>\n          <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n            <mi>x<\/mi>\n            <mo stretchy=\"false\">&#x2192;<!-- \u2192 --><\/mo>\n            <mi>c<\/mi>\n          <\/mrow>\n        <\/munder>\n        <mi>g<\/mi>\n        <mo stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mo>\n        <mi>x<\/mi>\n        <mo stretchy=\"false\">)<\/mo>\n        <mspace width=\"thinmathspace\" \/>\n      <\/mstyle>\n    <\/mrow>\n    <annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">{\\displaystyle \\lim _{x\\to c}(f(x)-g(x))=\\,\\lim _{x\\to c}f(x)-\\lim _{x\\to c}g(x)\\,}<\/annotation>\n  <\/semantics>\n<\/math><\/span><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wikimedia.org\/api\/rest_v1\/media\/math\/render\/svg\/5a004aa8031f2456010f83b5c7cf6bd13c7ead18\" class=\"mwe-math-fallback-image-inline\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:39.368ex; height:3.843ex;\" alt=\"\\lim _{{x\\to c}}(f(x)-g(x))=\\,\\lim _{{x\\to c}}f(x)-\\lim _{{x\\to c}}g(x)\\,\"><\/span>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Un producto<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"mwe-math-element\"><span class=\"mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y\" style=\"display: none;\"><math xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\"  alttext=\"{\\displaystyle \\lim _{x\\to c}(f(x)g(x))=\\,\\lim _{x\\to c}f(x)\\cdot \\lim _{x\\to c}g(x)\\,}\">\n  <semantics>\n    <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n      <mstyle displaystyle=\"true\" scriptlevel=\"0\">\n        <munder>\n          <mo movablelimits=\"true\" form=\"prefix\">lim<\/mo>\n          <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n            <mi>x<\/mi>\n            <mo stretchy=\"false\">&#x2192;<!-- \u2192 --><\/mo>\n            <mi>c<\/mi>\n          <\/mrow>\n        <\/munder>\n        <mo stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mo>\n        <mi>f<\/mi>\n        <mo stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mo>\n        <mi>x<\/mi>\n        <mo stretchy=\"false\">)<\/mo>\n        <mi>g<\/mi>\n        <mo stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mo>\n        <mi>x<\/mi>\n        <mo stretchy=\"false\">)<\/mo>\n        <mo stretchy=\"false\">)<\/mo>\n        <mo>=<\/mo>\n        <mspace width=\"thinmathspace\" \/>\n        <munder>\n          <mo movablelimits=\"true\" form=\"prefix\">lim<\/mo>\n          <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n            <mi>x<\/mi>\n            <mo stretchy=\"false\">&#x2192;<!-- \u2192 --><\/mo>\n            <mi>c<\/mi>\n          <\/mrow>\n        <\/munder>\n        <mi>f<\/mi>\n        <mo stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mo>\n        <mi>x<\/mi>\n        <mo stretchy=\"false\">)<\/mo>\n        <mo>&#x22C5;<!-- \u22c5 --><\/mo>\n        <munder>\n          <mo movablelimits=\"true\" form=\"prefix\">lim<\/mo>\n          <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n            <mi>x<\/mi>\n            <mo stretchy=\"false\">&#x2192;<!-- \u2192 --><\/mo>\n            <mi>c<\/mi>\n          <\/mrow>\n        <\/munder>\n        <mi>g<\/mi>\n        <mo stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mo>\n        <mi>x<\/mi>\n        <mo stretchy=\"false\">)<\/mo>\n        <mspace width=\"thinmathspace\" \/>\n      <\/mstyle>\n    <\/mrow>\n    <annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">{\\displaystyle \\lim _{x\\to c}(f(x)g(x))=\\,\\lim _{x\\to c}f(x)\\cdot \\lim _{x\\to c}g(x)\\,}<\/annotation>\n  <\/semantics>\n<\/math><\/span><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wikimedia.org\/api\/rest_v1\/media\/math\/render\/svg\/3b198f04e319cb61cb84da8bd5759a580eb7b9e3\" class=\"mwe-math-fallback-image-inline\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:35.366ex; height:3.843ex;\" alt=\"\\lim _{{x\\to c}}(f(x)g(x))=\\,\\lim _{{x\\to c}}f(x)\\cdot \\lim _{{x\\to c}}g(x)\\,\"><\/span>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Un cociente<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"mwe-math-element\"><span class=\"mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y\" style=\"display: none;\"><math xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\"  alttext=\"{\\displaystyle \\lim _{x\\to c}{{f(x)} \\over {g(x)}}=\\,{{\\lim _{x\\to c}{f(x)}} \\over {\\lim _{x\\to c}{g(x)}}}\\,\\ {\\mbox{si }}\\lim _{x\\to c}g(x)\\neq 0,}\">\n  <semantics>\n    <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n      <mstyle displaystyle=\"true\" scriptlevel=\"0\">\n        <munder>\n          <mo movablelimits=\"true\" form=\"prefix\">lim<\/mo>\n          <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n            <mi>x<\/mi>\n            <mo stretchy=\"false\">&#x2192;<!-- \u2192 --><\/mo>\n            <mi>c<\/mi>\n          <\/mrow>\n        <\/munder>\n        <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n          <mfrac>\n            <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n              <mi>f<\/mi>\n              <mo stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mo>\n              <mi>x<\/mi>\n              <mo stretchy=\"false\">)<\/mo>\n            <\/mrow>\n            <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n              <mi>g<\/mi>\n              <mo stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mo>\n              <mi>x<\/mi>\n              <mo stretchy=\"false\">)<\/mo>\n            <\/mrow>\n          <\/mfrac>\n        <\/mrow>\n        <mo>=<\/mo>\n        <mspace width=\"thinmathspace\" \/>\n        <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n          <mfrac>\n            <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n              <munder>\n                <mo movablelimits=\"true\" form=\"prefix\">lim<\/mo>\n                <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n                  <mi>x<\/mi>\n                  <mo stretchy=\"false\">&#x2192;<!-- \u2192 --><\/mo>\n                  <mi>c<\/mi>\n                <\/mrow>\n              <\/munder>\n              <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n                <mi>f<\/mi>\n                <mo stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mo>\n                <mi>x<\/mi>\n                <mo stretchy=\"false\">)<\/mo>\n              <\/mrow>\n            <\/mrow>\n            <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n              <munder>\n                <mo movablelimits=\"true\" form=\"prefix\">lim<\/mo>\n                <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n                  <mi>x<\/mi>\n                  <mo stretchy=\"false\">&#x2192;<!-- \u2192 --><\/mo>\n                  <mi>c<\/mi>\n                <\/mrow>\n              <\/munder>\n              <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n                <mi>g<\/mi>\n                <mo stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mo>\n                <mi>x<\/mi>\n                <mo stretchy=\"false\">)<\/mo>\n              <\/mrow>\n            <\/mrow>\n          <\/mfrac>\n        <\/mrow>\n        <mspace width=\"thinmathspace\" \/>\n        <mtext>&#xA0;<\/mtext>\n        <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n          <mstyle displaystyle=\"false\" scriptlevel=\"0\">\n            <mtext>si&#xA0;<\/mtext>\n          <\/mstyle>\n        <\/mrow>\n        <munder>\n          <mo movablelimits=\"true\" form=\"prefix\">lim<\/mo>\n          <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n            <mi>x<\/mi>\n            <mo stretchy=\"false\">&#x2192;<!-- \u2192 --><\/mo>\n            <mi>c<\/mi>\n          <\/mrow>\n        <\/munder>\n        <mi>g<\/mi>\n        <mo stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mo>\n        <mi>x<\/mi>\n        <mo stretchy=\"false\">)<\/mo>\n        <mo>&#x2260;<!-- \u2260 --><\/mo>\n        <mn>0<\/mn>\n        <mo>,<\/mo>\n      <\/mstyle>\n    <\/mrow>\n    <annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">{\\displaystyle \\lim _{x\\to c}{{f(x)} \\over {g(x)}}=\\,{{\\lim _{x\\to c}{f(x)}} \\over {\\lim _{x\\to c}{g(x)}}}\\,\\ {\\mbox{si }}\\lim _{x\\to c}g(x)\\neq 0,}<\/annotation>\n  <\/semantics>\n<\/math><\/span><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wikimedia.org\/api\/rest_v1\/media\/math\/render\/svg\/5e9cf63efce853d03137589ff7ea9bffae34ff3f\" class=\"mwe-math-fallback-image-inline\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:41.163ex; height:6.509ex;\" alt=\"\\lim _{{x\\to c}}{{f(x)} \\over {g(x)}}=\\,{{\\lim _{{x\\to c}}{f(x)}} \\over {\\lim _{{x\\to c}}{g(x)}}}\\,\\ {\\mbox{si }}\\lim _{{x\\to c}}g(x)\\neq 0,\"><\/span>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Una potencia<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"mwe-math-element\"><span class=\"mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y\" style=\"display: none;\"><math xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\"  alttext=\"{\\displaystyle {\\lim _{x\\to c}f(x)^{g(x)}}=\\,{\\lim _{x\\to c}f(x)^{\\lim _{x\\to c}g(x)}}\\,\\ {\\mbox{si }}f(x)&gt;0}\">\n  <semantics>\n    <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n      <mstyle displaystyle=\"true\" scriptlevel=\"0\">\n        <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n          <munder>\n            <mo movablelimits=\"true\" form=\"prefix\">lim<\/mo>\n            <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n              <mi>x<\/mi>\n              <mo stretchy=\"false\">&#x2192;<!-- \u2192 --><\/mo>\n              <mi>c<\/mi>\n            <\/mrow>\n          <\/munder>\n          <mi>f<\/mi>\n          <mo stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mo>\n          <mi>x<\/mi>\n          <msup>\n            <mo stretchy=\"false\">)<\/mo>\n            <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n              <mi>g<\/mi>\n              <mo stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mo>\n              <mi>x<\/mi>\n              <mo stretchy=\"false\">)<\/mo>\n            <\/mrow>\n          <\/msup>\n        <\/mrow>\n        <mo>=<\/mo>\n        <mspace width=\"thinmathspace\" \/>\n        <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n          <munder>\n            <mo movablelimits=\"true\" form=\"prefix\">lim<\/mo>\n            <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n              <mi>x<\/mi>\n              <mo stretchy=\"false\">&#x2192;<!-- \u2192 --><\/mo>\n              <mi>c<\/mi>\n            <\/mrow>\n          <\/munder>\n          <mi>f<\/mi>\n          <mo stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mo>\n          <mi>x<\/mi>\n          <msup>\n            <mo stretchy=\"false\">)<\/mo>\n            <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n              <munder>\n                <mo movablelimits=\"true\" form=\"prefix\">lim<\/mo>\n                <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n                  <mi>x<\/mi>\n                  <mo stretchy=\"false\">&#x2192;<!-- \u2192 --><\/mo>\n                  <mi>c<\/mi>\n                <\/mrow>\n              <\/munder>\n              <mi>g<\/mi>\n              <mo stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mo>\n              <mi>x<\/mi>\n              <mo stretchy=\"false\">)<\/mo>\n            <\/mrow>\n          <\/msup>\n        <\/mrow>\n        <mspace width=\"thinmathspace\" \/>\n        <mtext>&#xA0;<\/mtext>\n        <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n          <mstyle displaystyle=\"false\" scriptlevel=\"0\">\n            <mtext>si&#xA0;<\/mtext>\n          <\/mstyle>\n        <\/mrow>\n        <mi>f<\/mi>\n        <mo stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mo>\n        <mi>x<\/mi>\n        <mo stretchy=\"false\">)<\/mo>\n        <mo>&gt;<\/mo>\n        <mn>0<\/mn>\n      <\/mstyle>\n    <\/mrow>\n    <annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">{\\displaystyle {\\lim _{x\\to c}f(x)^{g(x)}}=\\,{\\lim _{x\\to c}f(x)^{\\lim _{x\\to c}g(x)}}\\,\\ {\\mbox{si }}f(x)&gt;0}<\/annotation>\n  <\/semantics>\n<\/math><\/span><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wikimedia.org\/api\/rest_v1\/media\/math\/render\/svg\/271d22894f73e252e19723847dc1eb6fea7292c2\" class=\"mwe-math-fallback-image-inline\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:43.468ex; height:4.343ex;\" alt=\"{\\lim _{{x\\to c}}f(x)^{{g(x)}}}=\\,{\\lim _{{x\\to c}}f(x)^{{\\lim _{{x\\to c}}g(x)}}}\\,\\ {\\mbox{si }}f(x)&gt;0\"><\/span>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Un logaritmo<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"mwe-math-element\"><span class=\"mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y\" style=\"display: none;\"><math xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\"  alttext=\"{\\displaystyle {\\lim _{x\\to c}\\log f(x)}=\\,\\log {\\lim _{x\\to c}f(x)}}\">\n  <semantics>\n    <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n      <mstyle displaystyle=\"true\" scriptlevel=\"0\">\n        <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n          <munder>\n            <mo movablelimits=\"true\" form=\"prefix\">lim<\/mo>\n            <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n              <mi>x<\/mi>\n              <mo stretchy=\"false\">&#x2192;<!-- \u2192 --><\/mo>\n              <mi>c<\/mi>\n            <\/mrow>\n          <\/munder>\n          <mi>log<\/mi>\n          <mo>&#x2061;<!-- \u2061 --><\/mo>\n          <mi>f<\/mi>\n          <mo stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mo>\n          <mi>x<\/mi>\n          <mo stretchy=\"false\">)<\/mo>\n        <\/mrow>\n        <mo>=<\/mo>\n        <mspace width=\"thinmathspace\" \/>\n        <mi>log<\/mi>\n        <mo>&#x2061;<!-- \u2061 --><\/mo>\n        <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n          <munder>\n            <mo movablelimits=\"true\" form=\"prefix\">lim<\/mo>\n            <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n              <mi>x<\/mi>\n              <mo stretchy=\"false\">&#x2192;<!-- \u2192 --><\/mo>\n              <mi>c<\/mi>\n            <\/mrow>\n          <\/munder>\n          <mi>f<\/mi>\n          <mo stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mo>\n          <mi>x<\/mi>\n          <mo stretchy=\"false\">)<\/mo>\n        <\/mrow>\n      <\/mstyle>\n    <\/mrow>\n    <annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">{\\displaystyle {\\lim _{x\\to c}\\log f(x)}=\\,\\log {\\lim _{x\\to c}f(x)}}<\/annotation>\n  <\/semantics>\n<\/math><\/span><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wikimedia.org\/api\/rest_v1\/media\/math\/render\/svg\/5a4a7653eeb74e625ced6697e550654564554118\" class=\"mwe-math-fallback-image-inline\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:26.403ex; height:3.843ex;\" alt=\"{\\lim _{{x\\to c}}\\log f(x)}=\\,\\log {\\lim _{{x\\to c}}f(x)}\"><\/span>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>El <a href=\"\/wiki\/N%C3%BAmero_e\" title=\"N\u00famero e\">n\u00famero e<\/a><\/td>\n<td><span class=\"mwe-math-element\"><span class=\"mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y\" style=\"display: none;\"><math xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\"  alttext=\"{\\displaystyle {\\lim _{x\\to 0}\\left(1+x\\right)^{1 \\over x}}=\\,{\\lim _{x\\to \\infty }\\left(1+{1 \\over x}\\right)^{x}}=\\,e}\">\n  <semantics>\n    <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n      <mstyle displaystyle=\"true\" scriptlevel=\"0\">\n        <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n          <munder>\n            <mo movablelimits=\"true\" form=\"prefix\">lim<\/mo>\n            <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n              <mi>x<\/mi>\n              <mo stretchy=\"false\">&#x2192;<!-- \u2192 --><\/mo>\n              <mn>0<\/mn>\n            <\/mrow>\n          <\/munder>\n          <msup>\n            <mrow>\n              <mo>(<\/mo>\n              <mrow>\n                <mn>1<\/mn>\n                <mo>+<\/mo>\n                <mi>x<\/mi>\n              <\/mrow>\n              <mo>)<\/mo>\n            <\/mrow>\n            <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n              <mfrac>\n                <mn>1<\/mn>\n                <mi>x<\/mi>\n              <\/mfrac>\n            <\/mrow>\n          <\/msup>\n        <\/mrow>\n        <mo>=<\/mo>\n        <mspace width=\"thinmathspace\" \/>\n        <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n          <munder>\n            <mo movablelimits=\"true\" form=\"prefix\">lim<\/mo>\n            <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n              <mi>x<\/mi>\n              <mo stretchy=\"false\">&#x2192;<!-- \u2192 --><\/mo>\n              <mi mathvariant=\"normal\">&#x221E;<!-- \u221e --><\/mi>\n            <\/mrow>\n          <\/munder>\n          <msup>\n            <mrow>\n              <mo>(<\/mo>\n              <mrow>\n                <mn>1<\/mn>\n                <mo>+<\/mo>\n                <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n                  <mfrac>\n                    <mn>1<\/mn>\n                    <mi>x<\/mi>\n                  <\/mfrac>\n                <\/mrow>\n              <\/mrow>\n              <mo>)<\/mo>\n            <\/mrow>\n            <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n              <mi>x<\/mi>\n            <\/mrow>\n          <\/msup>\n        <\/mrow>\n        <mo>=<\/mo>\n        <mspace width=\"thinmathspace\" \/>\n        <mi>e<\/mi>\n      <\/mstyle>\n    <\/mrow>\n    <annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">{\\displaystyle {\\lim _{x\\to 0}\\left(1+x\\right)^{1 \\over x}}=\\,{\\lim _{x\\to \\infty }\\left(1+{1 \\over x}\\right)^{x}}=\\,e}<\/annotation>\n  <\/semantics>\n<\/math><\/span><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wikimedia.org\/api\/rest_v1\/media\/math\/render\/svg\/c2997495bc94af027f6e3e8ac92e44e5d426627e\" class=\"mwe-math-fallback-image-inline\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:36.197ex; height:6.176ex;\" alt=\"{\\lim _{{x\\to 0}}\\left(1+x\\right)^{{1 \\over x}}}=\\,{\\lim _{{x\\to \\infty }}\\left(1+{1 \\over x}\\right)^{x}}=\\,e\"><\/span>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Funci\u00f3n f(x) acotada y g(x) <a href=\"\/wiki\/Infinitesimal\" title=\"Infinitesimal\">infinitesimal<\/a><\/td>\n<td><span class=\"mwe-math-element\"><span class=\"mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y\" style=\"display: none;\"><math xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\"  alttext=\"{\\displaystyle {\\lim _{x\\to c}\\left(f(x)\\cdot g(x)\\right)}=\\,0}\">\n  <semantics>\n    <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n      <mstyle displaystyle=\"true\" scriptlevel=\"0\">\n        <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n          <munder>\n            <mo movablelimits=\"true\" form=\"prefix\">lim<\/mo>\n            <mrow class=\"MJX-TeXAtom-ORD\">\n              <mi>x<\/mi>\n              <mo stretchy=\"false\">&#x2192;<!-- \u2192 --><\/mo>\n              <mi>c<\/mi>\n            <\/mrow>\n          <\/munder>\n          <mrow>\n            <mo>(<\/mo>\n            <mrow>\n              <mi>f<\/mi>\n              <mo stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mo>\n              <mi>x<\/mi>\n              <mo stretchy=\"false\">)<\/mo>\n              <mo>&#x22C5;<!-- \u22c5 --><\/mo>\n              <mi>g<\/mi>\n              <mo stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mo>\n              <mi>x<\/mi>\n              <mo stretchy=\"false\">)<\/mo>\n            <\/mrow>\n            <mo>)<\/mo>\n          <\/mrow>\n        <\/mrow>\n        <mo>=<\/mo>\n        <mspace width=\"thinmathspace\" \/>\n        <mn>0<\/mn>\n      <\/mstyle>\n    <\/mrow>\n    <annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">{\\displaystyle {\\lim _{x\\to c}\\left(f(x)\\cdot g(x)\\right)}=\\,0}<\/annotation>\n  <\/semantics>\n<\/math><\/span><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wikimedia.org\/api\/rest_v1\/media\/math\/render\/svg\/e4e7d82646f9947d9e1c27c79592e42ad1a86370\" class=\"mwe-math-fallback-image-inline\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:20.491ex; height:3.843ex;\" alt=\"{\\lim _{{x\\to c}}\\left(f(x)\\cdot g(x)\\right)}=\\,0\"><\/span>.\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<blockquote>\n<p><strong>Ejemplo:<\/strong> Determinar \\(\\lim_{x\\to 4}\\frac{x-4}{x^2-x-12}\\)<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><script>\nfunction showHtmlDiv3() {\n  var htmlShow3 = document.getElementById(\"html-show3\");\n  if (htmlShow3.style.display === \"none\") {\n    htmlShow3.style.display = \"block\";\n  } else {\n    htmlShow3.style.display = \"none\";\n  }\n}\n<\/script> <\/p>\n<p><button onclick=\"showHtmlDiv3()\">Soluci\u00f3n:<\/button><\/p>\n<div id=\"html-show3\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\\[\\lim_{x\\to 4}\\frac{x-4}{x^2-x-12}=\\lim_{x\\to 4}\\frac{x-4}{(x+3)(x-4)}=\\lim_{x\\to 4}\\frac{1}{(x+3)}=\\frac{1}{7}\\]\n<\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<blockquote>\n<p><strong>Ejemplo:<\/strong> Determinar \\(\\lim_{x\\to 2}\\frac{4-x^2}{3-\\sqrt{x^2+5}}\\)<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><script>\nfunction showHtmlDiv32() {\n  var htmlShow32 = document.getElementById(\"html-show32\");\n  if (htmlShow32.style.display === \"none\") {\n    htmlShow32.style.display = \"block\";\n  } else {\n    htmlShow32.style.display = \"none\";\n  }\n}\n<\/script> <\/p>\n<p><button onclick=\"showHtmlDiv32()\">Soluci\u00f3n:<\/button><\/p>\n<div id=\"html-show32\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\\[\\lim_{x\\to 2}\\frac{4-x^2}{3-\\sqrt{x^2+5}}=\\lim_{x\\to 2}\\frac{(4-x^2)(3+\\sqrt{x^2+5})}{(3-\\sqrt{x^2+5})(3+\\sqrt{x^2+5})}=\\] \\[=\\lim_{x\\to 2}\\frac{(4-x^2)(3+\\sqrt{x^2+5})}{4-x^2}=\\lim_{x\\to 2}(3+\\sqrt{x^2+5})=6\\]\n<\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<blockquote>\n<p><strong>Ejemplo:<\/strong> Determinar \\(\\lim_{x\\to 3}\\frac{x^3-27}{{x^2-9}}\\)<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><script>\nfunction showHtmlDiv3s2() {\n  var htmlShow3s2 = document.getElementById(\"html-show3s2\");\n  if (htmlShow3s2.style.display === \"none\") {\n    htmlShow3s2.style.display = \"block\";\n  } else {\n    htmlShow3s2.style.display = \"none\";\n  }\n}\n<\/script> <\/p>\n<p><button onclick=\"showHtmlDiv3s2()\">Soluci\u00f3n:<\/button><\/p>\n<div id=\"html-show3s2\" style=\"display: none;\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Matem\u00e1tica Aplicada - L\u00edmites de funciones reales. Ej.4 - Jes\u00fas Soto\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/J3T6P5FbUPg?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<p>Sin embargo, cuando \\(x\\) tiende a \\(a\\), \\(f(x)\\) poco a poco se vuelve mayor, o menor, que cualquier n\u00famero positivo, negativo, previamente determinado, por grande, o peque\u00f1o, que fuere, decimos que \\(f(x)\\) tiende a \\(+\\infty\\), o \\(-\\infty\\).<\/p>\n<p>Los conceptos de l\u00edmite ya mencionados pueden extenderse de forma obvia al caso en que la variable tiende a \\(+\\infty\\) o \\(-\\infty\\)<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><strong>Ejemplo:<\/strong> Determinar \\(\\lim_{x\\to +\\infty}\\left(2+\\frac{1}{x^2}\\right)\\)<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><script>\nfunction showHtmlDiv33() {\n  var htmlShow33 = document.getElementById(\"html-show33\");\n  if (htmlShow33.style.display === \"none\") {\n    htmlShow33.style.display = \"block\";\n  } else {\n    htmlShow33.style.display = \"none\";\n  }\n}\n<\/script> <\/p>\n<p><button onclick=\"showHtmlDiv33()\">Soluci\u00f3n:<\/button><\/p>\n<div id=\"html-show33\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\\[\\lim_{x\\to +\\infty}\\left(2+\\frac{1}{x^2}\\right)=\\left(\\lim_{x\\to +\\infty}2+\\lim_{x\\to +\\infty}\\frac{1}{x^2}\\right)=2+0=2\\]\n<\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<blockquote>\n<p><strong>Ejemplo:<\/strong> Determinar \\(\\lim_{x\\to -\\infty}\\frac{2x^3}{x^2+1}\\)<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><script>\nfunction showHtmlDiv34() {\n  var htmlShow34 = document.getElementById(\"html-show34\");\n  if (htmlShow34.style.display === \"none\") {\n    htmlShow34.style.display = \"block\";\n  } else {\n    htmlShow34.style.display = \"none\";\n  }\n}\n<\/script> <\/p>\n<p><button onclick=\"showHtmlDiv34()\">Soluci\u00f3n:<\/button><\/p>\n<div id=\"html-show34\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\\[\\lim_{x\\to -\\infty}\\frac{2x^3}{x^2+1}=\\lim_{x\\to -\\infty}\\frac{2x}{1+\\frac{1}{x^2}}=-\\infty\\]\n<\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<blockquote>\n<p><strong>Ejemplo:<\/strong> Determinar \\(\\lim_{x\\to \\infty}\\frac{x^2+x-2}{4x^3-1}\\)<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><script>\nfunction showHtmlDiv35() {\n  var htmlShow35 = document.getElementById(\"html-show35\");\n  if (htmlShow35.style.display === \"none\") {\n    htmlShow35.style.display = \"block\";\n  } else {\n    htmlShow35.style.display = \"none\";\n  }\n}\n<\/script> <\/p>\n<p><button onclick=\"showHtmlDiv35()\">Soluci\u00f3n:<\/button><\/p>\n<div id=\"html-show35\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\\[\\lim_{x\\to \\infty}\\frac{x^2+x-2}{4x^3-1}=\\lim_{x\\to \\infty}\\frac{(1\/x)+(1\/x^2)-(2\/x^3)}{4-(1\/x^3)}=\\frac{0}{4}=0\\]\n<\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<blockquote>\n<p><strong>Ejemplo:<\/strong> Determinar \\(\\lim_{x\\to \\infty}\\frac{3^x-3^{-x}}{3^x+3^{-x}}\\)<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><script>\nfunction showHtmlDiv3b5() {\n  var htmlShow3b5 = document.getElementById(\"html-show3b5\");\n  if (htmlShow3b5.style.display === \"none\") {\n    htmlShow3b5.style.display = \"block\";\n  } else {\n    htmlShow3b5.style.display = \"none\";\n  }\n}\n<\/script> <\/p>\n<p><button onclick=\"showHtmlDiv3b5()\">Soluci\u00f3n:<\/button><\/p>\n<div id=\"html-show3b5\" style=\"display: none;\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Matem\u00e1tica Aplicada - L\u00edmites de funciones reales. Ej.2 - Jes\u00fas Soto\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/tcI5pb0sNHk?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<blockquote>\n<p><strong>Ejemplo:<\/strong> Determinar \\(\\lim_{x\\to 0}\\frac{3^x-3^{-x}}{3^x+3^{-x}}\\)<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><script>\nfunction showHtmlDiv3c5() {\n  var htmlShow3c5 = document.getElementById(\"html-show3c5\");\n  if (htmlShow3c5.style.display === \"none\") {\n    htmlShow3c5.style.display = \"block\";\n  } else {\n    htmlShow3c5.style.display = \"none\";\n  }\n}\n<\/script> <\/p>\n<p><button onclick=\"showHtmlDiv3c5()\">Soluci\u00f3n:<\/button><\/p>\n<div id=\"html-show3c5\" style=\"display: none;\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Matem\u00e1tica Aplicada - Ej.1 L\u00edmites de funciones reales  - Jes\u00fas Soto\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/GptSiZcsvGY?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<p>Para conocer y saber aplicar los l\u00edmites podemos cosultarlo en la bibliograf\u00eda o visitar en enlace que nos dice sus propiedades: <a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/L%C3%ADmite_de_una_funci%C3%B3n\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">L\u00edmites de funciones<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2>Ley de Charles y el cero absoluto(*)<\/h2>\n<p>En la escala Kelvin, el cero absoluto es la temperatura 0 K. A pesar de que se han obtenido temperaturas muy cercanas a 0 K en laboratorio, nunca se ha alcanzado el cero absoluto. De hecho, existen evidencias que sugieren la imposibilidad de alcanzar el cero absoluto. \u00bfC\u00f3mo determinaron los cient\u00edficos que 0 K es el \u201cl\u00edmite inferior\u201d de la temperatura de la materia? <\/p>\n<p>Veamos c\u00f3mo lo hicieron. La determinaci\u00f3n del cero absoluto proviene del trabajo del f\u00edsico franc\u00e9s Jacques Charles (1746-1823), quien descubri\u00f3 que <strong>el volumen de un gas a presi\u00f3n constante crece de manera lineal con respecto a la temperatura<\/strong>.<br \/>\n\\[\\begin{array}{l|cccc}<br \/>\nT &#038; -40 &#038; -20 &#038; 0 &#038;  \\\\ \\hline<br \/>\nV &#038; 19.1482 &#038; 20.7908 &#038;  22.4334  \\\\ \\hline<br \/>\nT &#038; 20 &#038; 40&#038; 60&#038; 80 \\\\ \\hline<br \/>\nV &#038;  24.0760 &#038;  25.7186 &#038; 27.3612 &#038; 29.0038 \\\\ \\hline<br \/>\n\\end{array}\\]<\/p>\n<p>En la tabla siguiente se ilustra la relaci\u00f3n entre volumen y temperatura. Para crear los valores que aparecen en la tabla, una mol de hidr\u00f3geno se mantiene a una presi\u00f3n constante de una atm\u00f3sfera. El volumen V es aproximado y se mide en litros y la temperatura T se mide en grados Celsius.<\/p>\n<p>Empleando dichos puntos, se puede determinar que \\(T\\) y \\(V\\) se relacionan a trav\u00e9s de la ecuaci\u00f3n lineal \\[V=0.08213T+22.4334\\]<br \/>\nMediante el razonamiento de que el volumen del gas puede tender a 0 (pero nunca ser igual o menor que cero) se puede concluir que la \u201ctemperatura m\u00ednima posible\u201d se obtiene por medio de<br \/>\n\\[\\begin{align*}<br \/>\n\\lim_{V\\to 0^+}T &#038;= \\lim_{V\\to 0^+}\\frac{V-22.4334}{0.08213}\\\\<br \/>\n  &#038;=\\frac{0-22.4334}{0.08213} \\\\<br \/>\n  &#038;\\approx -273.15<br \/>\n\\end{align*}\\]<\/p>\n<p>De tal manera, el cero absoluto en la escala Kelvin (0 K) es de aproximadamente -273.15\u00b0 en la escala Celsius<\/p>\n<p>(*)Extraido de Larson, Ron. C\u00e1lculo 1 de una variable \/ Ron Larson y Bruce H. Edwards. 9a ed., McGraw-Hill, 2010.<\/p>\n<h1>Continuidad<\/h1>\n<blockquote>\n<p>Diremos que una funci\u00f3n definida en un intervalo real es continua en \\(x_0\\) cuando los l\u00edmites laterales son iguales y adem\u00e1s coinciden con el valor de la funci\u00f3n en el punto; es decir,<br \/>\n\\[\\lim_{x\\to {x_0}^{-}}f(x)=\\displaystyle\\lim_{x\\to {x_0}^{+}}f(x)=f(x_0).\\]<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<blockquote>\n<p><strong>Ejemplo:<\/strong> Determinar la continuidad de \\(f(x)=\\frac{x^3-27}{x^2-9}\\) en el intervalo [0,4]<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><script>\nfunction showHtmlDiv35a() {\n  var htmlShow35a = document.getElementById(\"html-show35a\");\n  if (htmlShow35a.style.display === \"none\") {\n    htmlShow35a.style.display = \"block\";\n  } else {\n    htmlShow35a.style.display = \"none\";\n  }\n}\n<\/script> <\/p>\n<p><button onclick=\"showHtmlDiv35a()\">Soluci\u00f3n:<\/button><\/p>\n<div id=\"html-show35a\" style=\"display: none;\">\nObservemos que<br \/>\n <!-- Code cell --> <\/p>\n<table>\n<tr style=\"border: 0px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 70px;vertical-align: top;padding: 1mm;\"> <span class=\"prompt\">(%i2) <\/span>  <\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 1mm;\"> <span class=\"input\"> <span class=\"input\"><span class=\"code_function\">limit<\/span>((<span class=\"code_variable\">x<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">^<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">3<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">27<\/span>)<span class=\"code_operator\">\/<\/span>(<span class=\"code_variable\">x<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">^<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">9<\/span>),<span class=\"code_variable\">x<\/span>,<span class=\"code_number\">3<\/span>,<span class=\"code_variable\">minus<\/span>)<span class=\"code_endofline\">;<\/span><br \/><span class=\"code_function\">limit<\/span>((<span class=\"code_variable\">x<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">^<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">3<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">27<\/span>)<span class=\"code_operator\">\/<\/span>(<span class=\"code_variable\">x<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">^<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">9<\/span>),<span class=\"code_variable\">x<\/span>,<span class=\"code_number\">3<\/span>,<span class=\"code_variable\">plus<\/span>)<span class=\"code_endofline\">;<\/span> <\/span>  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<p> <math xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"block\"><mtable>  <mlabeledtr columnalign=\"left\"> <mtd><mtext>(%o1) <\/mtext> <\/mtd> <mtd><mfrac>  <mn>9<\/mn>  <mn>2<\/mn><\/mfrac> <\/mtd>  <\/mlabeledtr><\/mtable> <\/math> <math xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"block\"><mtable>  <mlabeledtr columnalign=\"left\"> <mtd><mtext>(%o2) <\/mtext> <\/mtd> <mtd><mfrac>  <mn>9<\/mn>  <mn>2<\/mn><\/mfrac> <\/mtd>  <\/mlabeledtr><\/mtable> <\/math><\/p>\n<p>Sin embargo,<br \/>\n\\[\\lim_{x\\to 3}\\frac{x^3-27}{x^2-9}=\\lim_{x\\to 3}\\frac{0}{0}\\]<br \/>\nno se puede calcular; es decir, \\(f(3)\\) no est\u00e1 definido. Luego la funci\u00f3n no es continua en \\(x=3\\).<\/p>\n<p>Ahora, podemos ver que<br \/>\n\\[\\lim_{x\\to 3}\\frac{x^3-27}{x^2-9}=\\lim_{x\\to 3}\\frac{(x-3)(x^2+3x+9)}{(x-3)(x+3)}=\\lim_{x\\to 3}\\frac{(x^2+3x+9)}{(x+3)}=\\frac{9}{2}.\\]<br \/>\nLuego la funci\u00f3n a trozos \\[f(x)=\\left\\{\\begin{array}{cl} \\frac{x^3-27}{x^2-9}&#038; x\\neq 3\\\\ \\frac{9}{2} &#038; x=3\\end{array}\\right.\\] es definida y continua en todo el intervalo.\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>Discontinuidades<\/h2>\n<blockquote><p>Una funci\u00f3n \\(f\\) es <strong>discontinua <\/strong>en un punto \\(a\\) si no es continua en ese punto. Para que una funci\u00f3n sea continua en \\(a\\), debe cumplir con tres condiciones espec\u00edficas, las cuales, si al menos una no se cumple, resultan en una discontinuidad.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<h3>Criterios de Discontinuidad<\/h3>\n<p>Una funci\u00f3n \\(f(x)\\) es continua en un punto \\(a\\) si se cumplen simult\u00e1neamente las siguientes tres condiciones:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<ol>\\(f(a)\\) est\u00e1 definida: El punto \\(a\\) debe pertenecer al dominio de la funci\u00f3n, es decir, existe un valor real para \\(f(a)\\).<\/ol>\n<ol>\\( \\lim_{x \\to a} f(x) \\) existe: Los l\u00edmites laterales, \\( \\lim_{x \\to a^-} f(x) \\) y \\( \\lim_{x \\to a^+} f(x) \\), deben ser iguales y finitos.<\/ol>\n<ol>\\( \\lim_{x \\to a} f(x) = f(a) \\): El valor del l\u00edmite en \\(a\\) debe ser igual al valor de la funci\u00f3n en \\(a\\).<\/ol>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Si una funci\u00f3n no satisface una o m\u00e1s de estas condiciones en un punto \\(a\\), se considera que tiene una <strong>discontinuidad<\/strong> en ese punto.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><strong>Ejemplo:<\/strong> Determinar la continuidad de \\(f(x)=\\frac{x^2+x-2}{(x-1)^2}\\) en el intervalo [0,2]<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><script>\nfunction showHtmlDiv35b() {\n  var htmlShow35b = document.getElementById(\"html-show35b\");\n  if (htmlShow35b.style.display === \"none\") {\n    htmlShow35b.style.display = \"block\";\n  } else {\n    htmlShow35b.style.display = \"none\";\n  }\n}\n<\/script> <\/p>\n<p><button onclick=\"showHtmlDiv35b()\">Soluci\u00f3n:<\/button><\/p>\n<div id=\"html-show35b\" style=\"display: none;\">\n<!-- Code cell -->  <\/p>\n<table>\n<tr style=\"border: 0px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 70px;vertical-align: top;padding: 1mm;\"> <span class=\"prompt\">(%i2) <\/span>  <\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 1mm;\"> <span class=\"input\"><span class=\"code_function\">limit<\/span>((<span class=\"code_variable\">x<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">^<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">x<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span>)<span class=\"code_operator\">\/<\/span>(<span class=\"code_variable\">x<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span>)<span class=\"code_operator\">^<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span>,<span class=\"code_variable\">x<\/span>,<span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span>,<span class=\"code_variable\">minus<\/span>)<span class=\"code_endofline\">;<\/span><br \/><span class=\"code_function\">limit<\/span>((<span class=\"code_variable\">x<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">^<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">x<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span>)<span class=\"code_operator\">\/<\/span>(<span class=\"code_variable\">x<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span>)<span class=\"code_operator\">^<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span>,<span class=\"code_variable\">x<\/span>,<span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span>,<span class=\"code_variable\">plus<\/span>)<span class=\"code_endofline\">;<\/span> <\/span>  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<p> <math xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"block\"><mtable>  <mlabeledtr columnalign=\"left\"> <mtd><mtext>(%o1) <\/mtext> <\/mtd> <mtd><mo>\u2212<\/mo><mi>\u221e<\/mi> <\/mtd>  <\/mlabeledtr><\/mtable> <\/math> <math xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"block\"><mtable>  <mlabeledtr columnalign=\"left\"> <mtd><mtext>(%o2) <\/mtext> <\/mtd> <mtd><mi>\u221e<\/mi> <\/mtd>  <\/mlabeledtr><\/mtable> <\/math><\/p>\n<p>En este caso, los l\u00edmites laterales no existen, de modo que la funci\u00f3n no podr\u00eda coincidir con sus valores en ning\u00fan caso.\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>Tipos de Discontinuidades<\/h3>\n<h4>1. Discontinuidad Evitable<\/h4>\n<p>Este tipo de discontinuidad ocurre cuando el l\u00edmite de la funci\u00f3n en el punto existe y es un n\u00famero real, pero la funci\u00f3n no est\u00e1 definida en ese punto, o su valor es diferente al del l\u00edmite.<\/p>\n<p>Se puede \u00abevitar\u00bb la discontinuidad redefiniendo la funci\u00f3n en el punto \\(a\\) para que su valor sea igual al l\u00edmite.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Una funci\u00f3n presenta una discontinuidad <strong>evitable <\/strong>(o removible) si \\( \\lim_{x \\to a} f(x) = L \\), pero \\( f(a) \\) no est\u00e1 definida o \\( f(a) \\neq L \\).<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<blockquote><p><strong>Ejemplo:<\/strong> Estudiar las discontinuidades la funci\u00f3n  \\( f(x) = \\frac{x^2 &#8211; 4}{x &#8211; 2} \\)\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script>\nfunction showHtmlDiv5be() {\n  var htmlShow5be = document.getElementById(\"html-show5be\");\n  if (htmlShow5be.style.display === \"none\") {\n    htmlShow5be.style.display = \"block\";\n  } else {\n    htmlShow5be.style.display = \"none\";\n  }\n}\n<\/script> <\/p>\n<p><button onclick=\"showHtmlDiv5be()\">Soluci\u00f3n:<\/button><\/p>\n<div id=\"html-show5be\" style=\"display: none;\">\nLa funci\u00f3n no est\u00e1 definida en \\(x=2\\), ya que el denominador se anula. Sin embargo, el l\u00edmite s\u00ed existe:<br \/>\n    \\[ \\lim_{x \\to 2} \\frac{x^2 &#8211; 4}{x &#8211; 2} = \\lim_{x \\to 2} \\frac{(x &#8211; 2)(x + 2)}{x &#8211; 2} = \\lim_{x \\to 2} (x + 2) = 4 \\]<br \/>\n    Para hacer la funci\u00f3n continua en \\(x=2\\), podr\u00edamos redefinirla de la siguiente manera:<br \/>\n    \\[ g(x) = \\begin{cases} \\frac{x^2 &#8211; 4}{x &#8211; 2} &#038; \\text{si } x \\neq 2 \\\\ 4 &#038; \\text{si } x = 2 \\end{cases} \\]\n<\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<h4>2. Discontinuidad de Salto<\/h4>\n<p>Se presenta cuando los l\u00edmites laterales en el punto \\(a\\) existen, pero tienen valores finitos diferentes. La gr\u00e1fica de la funci\u00f3n presenta un \u00absalto finito\u00bb en el punto. Por abreviar, a las discontinuidades de salto finito las llamaremos simplemente de salto.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Una funci\u00f3n presenta una discontinuidad <strong>de salto finito<\/strong> si  \\( \\lim_{x \\to a^-} f(x) = L_1 \\) y \\( \\lim_{x \\to a^+} f(x) = L_2 \\), con \\( L_1 \\neq L_2 \\).<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<blockquote><p><strong>Ejemplo:<\/strong> Estudiar las discontinuidades la funci\u00f3n de Heaviside (o funci\u00f3n escal\u00f3n):<br \/>\n    \\[ H(x) = \\begin{cases} 0 &#038; \\text{si } x < 0 \\\\ 1 &#038; \\text{si } x \\ge 0 \\end{cases} \\]\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script>\nfunction showHtmlDiv5be2() {\n  var htmlShow5be2 = document.getElementById(\"html-show5be2\");\n  if (htmlShow5be2.style.display === \"none\") {\n    htmlShow5be2.style.display = \"block\";\n  } else {\n    htmlShow5be2.style.display = \"none\";\n  }\n}\n<\/script> <\/p>\n<p><button onclick=\"showHtmlDiv5be2()\">Soluci\u00f3n:<\/button><\/p>\n<div id=\"html-show5be2\" style=\"display: none;\">\nLa funci\u00f3n es continua en toda la recta real salvo en \\(x=0\\).<br \/>\nEn \\(x=0\\), los l\u00edmites laterales son:<br \/>\n    \\[ \\lim_{x \\to 0^-} H(x) = 0 \\]<br \/>\n    \\[ \\lim_{x \\to 0^+} H(x) = 1 \\]<br \/>\n    Dado que \\(0 \\neq 1\\), la funci\u00f3n tiene una discontinuidad de salto en \\(x=0\\).\n<\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<h4>3. Discontinuidad Infinita<\/h4>\n<p>Este tipo de discontinuidad de salto que ocurre cuando al menos uno de los l\u00edmites laterales en el punto \\(a\\) es infinito (\\( \\infty \\) o \\( -\\infty \\)). La gr\u00e1fica de la funci\u00f3n tiene una as\u00edntota vertical en \\(x=a\\).<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Una funci\u00f3n presenta una discontinuidad de salto <strong>infinita<\/strong> si  \\( \\lim_{x \\to a^-} f(x) = \\pm\\infty \\) o \\( \\lim_{x \\to a^+} f(x) = \\pm\\infty \\).<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Por abreviar, a las discontinuidades de salto infinito las llamaremos simplemente de discontinuidad infinita.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong>Ejemplo:<\/strong> Estudiar las discontinuidades la funci\u00f3n \\(f(x) = \\frac{1}{x}\\)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><script>\nfunction showHtmlDiv5be23() {\n  var htmlShow5be23 = document.getElementById(\"html-show5be23\");\n  if (htmlShow5be23.style.display === \"none\") {\n    htmlShow5be23.style.display = \"block\";\n  } else {\n    htmlShow5be23.style.display = \"none\";\n  }\n}\n<\/script> <\/p>\n<p><button onclick=\"showHtmlDiv5be23()\">Soluci\u00f3n:<\/button><\/p>\n<div id=\"html-show5be23\" style=\"display: none;\">\nDe nuevo, la funci\u00f3n es continua en toda la recta real salvo en \\(x=0\\).  En \\(x=0\\), la funci\u00f3n no est\u00e1 definida y los l\u00edmites laterales se comportan de la siguiente manera:<br \/>\n    \\[ \\lim_{x \\to 0^-} \\frac{1}{x} = -\\infty \\]<br \/>\n    \\[ \\lim_{x \\to 0^+} \\frac{1}{x} = \\infty \\]<br \/>\n    Debido a que los l\u00edmites laterales son infinitos, la funci\u00f3n tiene una discontinuidad infinita en \\(x=0\\).\n<\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<blockquote>\n<p><strong>Ejemplo:<\/strong> Determinar la discontinuidad de \\(f(x)=\\frac{4-x^2}{3-\\sqrt{x^2+5}}\\) <\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><script>\nfunction showHtmlDiv5b() {\n  var htmlShow5b = document.getElementById(\"html-show5b\");\n  if (htmlShow5b.style.display === \"none\") {\n    htmlShow5b.style.display = \"block\";\n  } else {\n    htmlShow5b.style.display = \"none\";\n  }\n}\n<\/script> <\/p>\n<p><button onclick=\"showHtmlDiv5b()\">Soluci\u00f3n:<\/button><\/p>\n<div id=\"html-show5b\" style=\"display: none;\">\nPodemos ver que \\(3-\\sqrt{x^2+5}=0\\) para \\(x=\\pm 2\\), sin embargo, \\[\\frac{4-x^2}{3-\\sqrt{x^2+5}}=\\frac{4-x^2}{3-\\sqrt{x^2+5}}\\ \\frac{3+\\sqrt{x^2+5}}{3+\\sqrt{x^2+5}}=3+\\sqrt{x^2+5}.\\] <\/p>\n<p>As\u00ed podemos definir \\[f(x)=\\left\\{\\begin{matrix}<br \/>\n \\dfrac{4-x^2}{3-\\sqrt{x^2+5}}\\text{,}&#038;\\;x\\neq \\{2,-2\\} \\\\<br \/>\n {3+\\sqrt{x^2+5}}\\text{,}&#038;\\;x= \\{2,-2\\} \\\\<br \/>\n\\end{matrix}\\right.,\\]<br \/>\nque ser\u00eda continua en toda la recta real. Luego, tiene discontinuidades evitables en \\(x=\\pm 2\\).\n<\/p><\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<blockquote>\n<p><strong>Ejemplo:<\/strong> Determinar la continuidad de \\[f(x)=\\left\\{\\begin{array}{cl}x &#038; \\mbox{si } x\\leq 0\\\\x^2 &#038; \\mbox{si } 0&lt;x&lt;1\\\\2-x &#038; \\mbox{si } x\\geq 1\\\\\\end{array}\\right.\\] <\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><script>\nfunction showHtmlDiv5a() {\n  var htmlShow5a = document.getElementById(\"html-show5a\");\n  if (htmlShow5a.style.display === \"none\") {\n    htmlShow5a.style.display = \"block\";\n  } else {\n    htmlShow5a.style.display = \"none\";\n  }\n}\n<\/script><\/p>\n<p><button onclick=\"showHtmlDiv5a()\">Soluci\u00f3n:<\/button><\/p>\n<div id=\"html-show5a\" style=\"display: none;\">\nLas \u00fanicas discontinuidades posibles son en \\(x=0\\) y \\(x=1\\).<br \/>\n\\[\\lim_{x\\to 0^-}f(x)=\\lim_{x\\to 0^-}x=f(0)=0=\\lim_{x\\to 0^+}f(x)=\\lim_{x\\to 0^+}x^2\\]<br \/>\n\\[\\lim_{x\\to 1^-}f(x)=\\lim_{x\\to 1^-}x^2=1=\\lim_{x\\to 1^+}f(x)=\\lim_{x\\to 1^+}2-x=f(1)\\]\n<\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>Propiedades de las funciones continuas<\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p>Sean \\(f\\) y \\(g\\) son dos funciones continuas  en el mismo dominio, entonces<br \/>\n\\[\\begin{array}{rl}<br \/>\n  \\lambda f\\pm \\mu  g &#038; \\mbox{es continua}, \\forall \\;\\lambda,\\mu\\in\\mathbb{R}  \\\\  f\\cdot g &#038; \\mbox{es continua},  \\\\   \\dfrac{f}{g}&#038;  \\mbox{es continua en cada }    x\\in\\mathcal{D}\\;|\\; g(x)\\neq 0 \\\\  \\end{array}\\]<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>Podemos ver m\u00e1s propiedades de las funciones continuas en la bibliograf\u00eda referenciada y en el enlace <a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Funci%C3%B3n_continua\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Funci\u00f3n continua<\/a>.<\/p>\n<hr>\n<h3>Bibliograf\u00eda<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Cap\u00edtulo 1 y 2 del libro <em>Biocalculus: Calculus for Life Sciences<\/em>, de James Stewart.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr>\n<table id=\"yzpi\" border=\"0\" width=\"100%\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"3\" bgcolor=\"#999999\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"100%\">\n<p><strong>Ejercicio:<\/strong> \u00bfCu\u00e1l de las siguientes funciones es continua en todo su dominio? <\/p>\n<div id=\"menu-a\">\n<ul>\n<li>\\(f(x)=\\sin \\frac{1}{x}\\)<\/li>\n<li>\\(g(x)=\\frac{\\sin x}{x}\\)<\/li>\n<li>\\(h(x)=\\ln(1+\\cos x)\\)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><script>\nfunction showHtmlDiv() {\n  var htmlShow = document.getElementById(\"html-show\");\n  if (htmlShow.style.display === \"none\") {\n    htmlShow.style.display = \"block\";\n  } else {\n    htmlShow.style.display = \"none\";\n  }\n}\n<\/script> <\/p>\n<p><button onclick=\"showHtmlDiv()\">Soluci\u00f3n:<\/button><\/p>\n<div id=\"html-show\" style=\"display: none;\">\n<p><strong>B.)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Funci\u00f3n real de variable real Una funci\u00f3n real de variable real \\(f:D\\to\\mathbb{R}\\) es una correspondencia de \\(D\\subset\\mathbb{R}\\) en \\(\\mathbb{R}\\) que asigne a todo \\(x\\in D\\) a lo m\u00e1s un n\u00famero real \\(y=f(x)\\)&#8230;.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-60","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-mathbio"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/clases.jesussoto.es\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/60","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/clases.jesussoto.es\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/clases.jesussoto.es\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/clases.jesussoto.es\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/clases.jesussoto.es\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=60"}],"version-history":[{"count":16,"href":"https:\/\/clases.jesussoto.es\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/60\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":312,"href":"https:\/\/clases.jesussoto.es\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/60\/revisions\/312"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/clases.jesussoto.es\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=60"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/clases.jesussoto.es\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=60"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/clases.jesussoto.es\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=60"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}