{"id":541,"date":"2025-11-25T15:15:40","date_gmt":"2025-11-25T14:15:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/clases.jesussoto.es\/?p=541"},"modified":"2025-11-26T10:19:08","modified_gmt":"2025-11-26T09:19:08","slug":"mathbio-estimacion-para-funciones-de-varias-variables","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/clases.jesussoto.es\/?p=541","title":{"rendered":"MathBio: Aproximaci\u00f3n num\u00e9rica para integrales dobles y triples con m\u00e1xima"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1>Aproximaci\u00f3n num\u00e9rica para Integrales Dobles<\/h1>\n<h2>Regla del Punto Medio (Rect\u00e1ngulo) para Integrales Dobles<\/h2>\n<p>Supongamos que tenemos una funci\u00f3n escalar \\( f(x, y) \\) definida y continua en un rect\u00e1ngulo \\( R = [a, b] \\times [c, d] \\). El teorema del punto medio nos permite aproximar la integral doble de \\( f\\) sobre \\( R \\) mediante:<\/p>\n<p>\\[<br \/>\n\\iint_R f(x, y) , dx,dy \\approx f\\left( \\frac{a + b}{2}, \\frac{c + d}{2} \\right) \\cdot (b &#8211; a)(d &#8211; c)<br \/>\n\\]<\/p>\n<p>As\u00ed, la <strong>Regla del Punto Medio<\/strong> (o del Rect\u00e1ngulo), consiste en dividir la regi\u00f3n de integraci\u00f3n \\( R \\) en una cuadr\u00edcula(tambien llamada malla) de \\( m \\times n \\) subrect\u00e1ngulos \\( R_{ij} \\). Para cada subrect\u00e1ngulo, aproximamos el valor de la funci\u00f3n \\( f(x, y) \\) por su valor en el <strong>punto medio<\/strong> de dicho subrect\u00e1ngulo, y multiplicamos este valor por el \u00e1rea del subrect\u00e1ngulo.<\/p>\n<p>Sea \\( \\Delta x = \\frac{b-a}{m} \\) y \\( \\Delta y = \\frac{d-c}{n} \\). El \u00e1rea de cada subrect\u00e1ngulo es  \\(\\Delta A = \\Delta x \\Delta y \\). Si \\(\\bar{x}_{i}, \\bar{y}_{j}\\) es el punto medio del subrect\u00e1ngulo \\( R_{ij} \\), la integral doble se aproxima por:<\/p>\n<p>\\[ \\iint_{R} f(x, y) \\, dA \\approx \\sum_{i=1}^{m} \\sum_{j=1}^{n} f(\\bar{x}_{i}, \\bar{y}_{j}) \\Delta A\\]<\/p>\n<p>Geom\u00e9tricamente, estamos aproximando el volumen bajo la superficie \\( z = f(x, y) \\) mediante una suma de vol\u00famenes de prismas rectangulares.<\/p>\n<p><!-- Ejemplo pr\u00e1ctico --><br \/>\n<script>\nfunction showHtmlDiv1x1() {\n  var htmlShow1x1 = document.getElementById(\"html-show1x1\");\n  if (htmlShow1x1.style.display === \"none\") {\n    htmlShow1x1.style.display = \"block\";\n  } else {\n    htmlShow1x1.style.display = \"none\";\n  }\n}\n<\/script> <\/p>\n<p><button onclick=\"showHtmlDiv1x1()\">Ejemplo<\/button><\/p>\n<div id=\"html-show1x1\" style=\"display: none;\">\nSupongamos que la concentraci\u00f3n de una sustancia en un tejido est\u00e1 dada por:<\/p>\n<p>\\[<br \/>\nf(x, y) = x^2 + y^2<br \/>\n\\]<\/p>\n<p>Y queremos estimar la cantidad total de sustancia en el rect\u00e1ngulo \\( R = [0, 2] \\times [1, 3] \\).<\/p>\n<p>1.  <strong>Punto medio<\/strong>: en este caso calculemos un solo punto medio,<br \/>\n    \\[<br \/>\n    x_m = \\frac{0 + 2}{2} = 1, \\quad y_m = \\frac{1 + 3}{2} = 2<br \/>\n    \\]<\/p>\n<p>2.  <strong>Evaluamos la funci\u00f3n en el punto medio<\/strong>:<br \/>\n    \\[<br \/>\n    f(1, 2) = 1^2 + 2^2 = 1 + 4 = 5<br \/>\n    \\]<\/p>\n<p>3.  <strong>\u00c1rea del rect\u00e1ngulo<\/strong>:<br \/>\n    \\[<br \/>\n    (b &#8211; a)(d &#8211; c) = (2 &#8211; 0)(3 &#8211; 1) = 2 \\cdot 2 = 4<br \/>\n    \\]<\/p>\n<p>4.  <strong>Aproximaci\u00f3n de la integral<\/strong>:<br \/>\n    \\[<br \/>\n    \\iint_R f(x, y) \\, dx,dy \\approx 5 \\cdot 4 = 20<br \/>\n    \\]<\/p>\n<p>Observar que hemos elegido solo un punto medio en \\(R = [0, 2] \\times [1, 3] \\), pero pod\u00edamos haber elegido fraccionar el rect\u00e1ngulo en varios rect\u00e1ngulos. Por ejemplo, \\(R = ([0, 1] \\times [1, 2]) \\cup ([1, 2] \\times [2, 3]) \\). Ahora <\/p>\n<p>1.  <strong>Puntos medios<\/strong>:<br \/>\n    \\[<br \/>\n     \\begin{align*}<br \/>\n     x_{m_1} &#038;= \\frac{0 + 1}{2} = \\frac{1}{2}, &#038;y_{m_1} = \\frac{1 + 2}{2} = \\frac{3}{2}\\\\<br \/>\n     x_{m_2} &#038;= \\frac{1 + 2}{2} = \\frac{3}{2}, &#038;y_{m_2} = \\frac{2 + 3}{2} = \\frac{5}{2}<br \/>\n     \\end{align*}<br \/>\n    \\]<br \/>\nEsto nos proporciona los puntos medios:<br \/>\n\\[<br \/>\n     \\begin{align*}<br \/>\n     P_{11} &#038;= \\left(\\tfrac{1}{2},\\tfrac{3}{2}\\right) &#038;P_{12} = \\left(\\tfrac{1}{2},\\tfrac{5}{2}\\right)\\\\<br \/>\n     P_{21} &#038;= \\left(\\tfrac{3}{2},\\tfrac{3}{2}\\right) &#038;P_{22} = \\left(\\tfrac{3}{2},\\tfrac{5}{2}\\right)<br \/>\n     \\end{align*}<br \/>\n\\]<br \/>\n2.  <strong>Evaluamos la funci\u00f3n en los puntos medios<\/strong>:<br \/>\n    \\[<br \/>\n       f\\left(\\tfrac{1}{2}, \\tfrac{3}{2}\\right) = \\frac{5}{2},\\quad<br \/>\n       f\\left(\\tfrac{1}{2}, \\tfrac{5}{2}\\right) = \\frac{13}{2},\\quad<br \/>\n       f\\left(\\tfrac{3}{2}, \\tfrac{3}{2}\\right) = \\frac{9}{2},\\quad<br \/>\n       f\\left(\\tfrac{3}{2}, \\tfrac{4}{2}\\right) = \\frac{17}{2}<br \/>\n    \\]<\/p>\n<p>3.  <strong>\u00c1rea del rect\u00e1ngulo<\/strong>: En este caso el de uno de ellos<br \/>\n    \\[<br \/>\n       (b_1 &#8211; a_1)(d_1 &#8211; c_1) = (1 &#8211; 0)(2 &#8211; 1) = 1<br \/>\n    \\]<br \/>\n   Por tanto, \\( \\Delta A = 1 \\).<br \/>\n4.  <strong>Aproximaci\u00f3n de la integral<\/strong>:<br \/>\n    \\[<br \/>\n    \\iint_R f(x, y) \\, dx,dy \\approx \\left(\\frac{5}{2}+\\frac{13}{2}+\\frac{9}{2}+\\frac{17}{2}\\right) \\cdot 1 = 22<br \/>\n    \\]<\/p>\n<p>Observar que el c\u00e1lculo real es<br \/>\n    \\[<br \/>\n    \\iint_R f(x, y) \\, dx,dy \\approx 22.\\overline{6}<br \/>\n    \\]\n<\/p><\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<blockquote>\n<p><strong>Ejercicio:<\/strong> Realizar el ejercicio anterior con una malla de dada por \\(x_{i}\\in\\{0,0.5,1,1.5,2\\}\\) y \\(y_{i}\\in\\{1,1.5,2,2.5,3\\}\\) <\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><script>\nfunction showHtmlDiv1a() {\n  var htmlShow1a = document.getElementById(\"html-show1a\");\n  if (htmlShow1a.style.display === \"none\") {\n    htmlShow1a.style.display = \"block\";\n  } else {\n    htmlShow1a.style.display = \"none\";\n  }\n}\n<\/script> <\/p>\n<p><button onclick=\"showHtmlDiv1a()\">Soluci\u00f3n:<\/button><\/p>\n<div id=\"html-show1a\" style=\"display: none;\">\n<!-- Code cell --><\/p>\n<table>\n<tr style=\"border: 0px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 70px;vertical-align: top;padding: 1mm;\"><span class=\"prompt\">(%i3) <\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 1mm;\"><span class=\"input\"><span class=\"code_function\">f<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">x<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">y<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">=<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">x<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">^<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">y<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">^<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\"><br \/><\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">xp<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">[<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">0<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">0<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">.<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">5<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">.<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">5<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">]<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\"><br \/><\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">yp<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">[<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">.<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">5<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">.<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">5<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">3<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">]<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- Text cell --><\/p>\n<div class=\"comment\">Como hemos definido los rect\u00e1ngulos, y eligiendo uno de ellos, tendremos<\/div>\n<p><!-- Code cell --><\/p>\n<table>\n<tr style=\"border: 0px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 70px;vertical-align: top;padding: 1mm;\"><span class=\"prompt\">(%i4) <\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 1mm;\"><span class=\"input\"><span class=\"code_variable\">dA<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">0<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\/<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">3<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\/<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- Text cell --><\/p>\n<div class=\"comment\">Calculemos los puntos medios:<\/div>\n<p><!-- Code cell --><\/p>\n<table>\n<tr style=\"border: 0px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 70px;vertical-align: top;padding: 1mm;\"><span class=\"prompt\">(%i6) <\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 1mm;\"><span class=\"input\"><span class=\"code_variable\">xm<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_function\">makelist<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">xp<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">[<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">i<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">]<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">xp<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">[<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">i<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">]<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\/<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">i<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">4<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">;<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\"><br \/><\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">ym<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_function\">makelist<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">yp<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">[<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">i<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">]<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">yp<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">[<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">i<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">]<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\/<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">i<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">4<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">;<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<p>\\[{ }\\left[ 0.25{,}0.75{,}1.25{,}1.75\\right] \\]<\/p>\n<p>\\[{ }\\left[ 1.25{,}1.75{,}2.25{,}2.75\\right] \\]<\/p>\n<p><!-- Text cell --><\/p>\n<div class=\"comment\">Ahora los valores en los puntos medios:<\/div>\n<p><!-- Code cell --><\/p>\n<table>\n<tr style=\"border: 0px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 70px;vertical-align: top;padding: 1mm;\"><span class=\"prompt\">(%i7) <\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 1mm;\"><span class=\"input\"><span class=\"code_variable\">fm<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_function\">create_list<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_function\">f<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">xm<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">[<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">i<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">]<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">ym<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">[<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">j<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">]<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">i<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">4<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">j<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">4<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">;<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<p>\\[[1.625,3.125,5.125,7.625,2.125,3.625,5.625,8.125,\\]<\/p>\n<p>\\[3.125,4.625,6.625,9.125,4.625,6.125,8.125,10.625]\\] <\/p>\n<p><!-- Text cell --><\/p>\n<div class=\"comment\">Ya podemos aproximar la integral:<\/div>\n<p><!-- Code cell --><\/p>\n<table>\n<tr style=\"border: 0px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 70px;vertical-align: top;padding: 1mm;\"><span class=\"prompt\">(%i8) <\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 1mm;\"><span class=\"input\"><span class=\"code_function\">sum<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">fm<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">[<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">i<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">]<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">i<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_function\">length<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">fm<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">dA<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">;<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<p>\\[{ }22.5\\]<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<p>Recordemos que construimos la malla de la regi\u00f3n de integraci\u00f3n \\( R \\) de \\( m \\times n \\) subrect\u00e1ngulos \\( R_{ij} \\), de modo que, \\( \\Delta x = \\frac{b-a}{m} \\) y \\( \\Delta y = \\frac{d-c}{n} \\).<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><strong>Ejercicio:<\/strong> Aproxime la integral \\( I = \\iint_{R} (x+y) \\, dA \\) sobre \\( R = [0, 2] \\times [0, 4] \\) usando la Regla del Punto Medio con \\( m=2 \\) y \\( n=2 \\). <\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><script>\nfunction showHtmlDiv1a2() {\n  var htmlShow1a2 = document.getElementById(\"html-show1a2\");\n  if (htmlShow1a2.style.display === \"none\") {\n    htmlShow1a2.style.display = \"block\";\n  } else {\n    htmlShow1a2.style.display = \"none\";\n  }\n}\n<\/script> <\/p>\n<p><button onclick=\"showHtmlDiv1a2()\">Soluci\u00f3n:<\/button><\/p>\n<div id=\"html-show1a2\" style=\"display: none;\">\nNos indican que debemos realizar una malla de 2&#215;2.<br \/>\n<!-- Code cell --><\/p>\n<table>\n<tr style=\"border: 0px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 70px;vertical-align: top;padding: 1mm;\"><span class=\"prompt\">(%i9) <\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 1mm;\"><span class=\"input\"><span class=\"code_function\">f<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">x<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">y<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">=<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">x<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">y<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\"><br \/><\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">a<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">0<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">b<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\"><br \/><\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">c<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">0<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">d<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">4<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\"><br \/><\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">n<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">m<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\"><br \/><\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">xp<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">[<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">0<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">]<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\"><br \/><\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">yp<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">[<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">0<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">4<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">]<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- Text cell --><\/p>\n<div class=\"comment\">Definimos \u00e1rea:<\/div>\n<p><!-- Code cell --><\/p>\n<table>\n<tr style=\"border: 0px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 70px;vertical-align: top;padding: 1mm;\"><span class=\"prompt\">(%i12)<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 1mm;\"><span class=\"input\"><span class=\"code_variable\">dx<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">b<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">a<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\/<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">m<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">dy<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">d<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">c<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\/<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">n<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\"><br \/><\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">dA<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">dx<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">dy<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">;<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<p>\\[{ }2\\]<\/p>\n<p><!-- Text cell --><\/p>\n<div class=\"comment\">Calculemos los puntos medios:<\/div>\n<p><!-- Code cell --><\/p>\n<table>\n<tr style=\"border: 0px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 70px;vertical-align: top;padding: 1mm;\"><span class=\"prompt\">(%i14)<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 1mm;\"><span class=\"input\"><span class=\"code_variable\">xm<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_function\">makelist<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">xp<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">[<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">i<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">]<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">xp<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">[<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">i<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">]<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\/<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">i<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">;<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\"><br \/><\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">ym<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_function\">makelist<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">yp<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">[<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">i<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">]<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">yp<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">[<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">i<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">]<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\/<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">i<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">;<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<p>\\[{ }\\left[ \\frac{1}{2}{,}\\frac{3}{2}\\right] \\]<\/p>\n<p>\\[{ }\\left[ 1{,}3\\right] \\]<\/p>\n<p><!-- Text cell --><\/p>\n<div class=\"comment\">Ahora los valores en los puntos medios:<\/div>\n<p><!-- Code cell --><\/p>\n<table>\n<tr style=\"border: 0px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 70px;vertical-align: top;padding: 1mm;\"><span class=\"prompt\">(%i15)<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 1mm;\"><span class=\"input\"><span class=\"code_variable\">fm<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_function\">create_list<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_function\">f<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">xm<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">[<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">i<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">]<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">ym<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">[<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">j<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">]<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">i<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">j<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">;<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<p>\\[{ }\\left[ \\frac{3}{2}{,}\\frac{7}{2}{,}\\frac{5}{2}{,}\\frac{9}{2}\\right] \\]<\/p>\n<p><!-- Text cell --><\/p>\n<div class=\"comment\">Ya podemos aproximar la integral:<\/div>\n<p><!-- Code cell --><\/p>\n<table>\n<tr style=\"border: 0px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 70px;vertical-align: top;padding: 1mm;\"><span class=\"prompt\">(%i16)<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 1mm;\"><span class=\"input\"><span class=\"code_function\">sum<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">fm<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">[<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">i<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">]<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">i<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_function\">length<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">fm<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">dA<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">;<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<p>\\[{ }24\\]<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<blockquote>\n<p><strong>Ejercicio:<\/strong> Se sabe que la concentraci\u00f3n de glucosa en una placa est\u00e1 dada por \\(f(x,y) = 2 + 0.3x + 0.1y\\). Estime la concentraci\u00f3n en la regi\u00f3n \\([0,4]\\times[0,6]\\), usando una malla de 2\u00d73.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><script>\nfunction showHtmlDiv1a27() {\n  var htmlShow1a27 = document.getElementById(\"html-show1a27\");\n  if (htmlShow1a27.style.display === \"none\") {\n    htmlShow1a27.style.display = \"block\";\n  } else {\n    htmlShow1a27.style.display = \"none\";\n  }\n}\n<\/script> <\/p>\n<p><button onclick=\"showHtmlDiv1a27()\">Soluci\u00f3n:<\/button><\/p>\n<div id=\"html-show1a27\" style=\"display: none;\">\n<!-- Code cell --><\/p>\n<table>\n<tr style=\"border: 0px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 70px;vertical-align: top;padding: 1mm;\"><span class=\"prompt\">(%i7) <\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 1mm;\"><span class=\"input\"><span class=\"code_function\">f<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">x<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">y<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">=<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">0<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">.<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">3<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">x<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">0<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">.<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">y<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\"><br \/><\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">a<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">0<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">b<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">4<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\"><br \/><\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">c<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">0<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">d<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">6<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\"><br \/><\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">m<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">n<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">3<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- Text cell --><\/p>\n<div class=\"comment\">Definimos \u00e1rea:<\/div>\n<p><!-- Code cell --><\/p>\n<table>\n<tr style=\"border: 0px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 70px;vertical-align: top;padding: 1mm;\"><span class=\"prompt\">(%i12)<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 1mm;\"><span class=\"input\"><span class=\"code_variable\">dx<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">b<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">a<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\/<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">m<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">dy<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">d<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">c<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\/<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">n<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\"><br \/><\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">dA<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">dx<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">dy<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">;<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\"><br \/><\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">xp<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_function\">makelist<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">a<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">i<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">dx<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">i<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">0<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">m<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">;<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\"><br \/><\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">yp<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_function\">makelist<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">c<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">i<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">dy<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">i<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">0<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">n<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">;<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<p>\\[{}4\\]<\/p>\n<p>\\[{}\\left[ 0{,}2{,}4\\right] \\]<\/p>\n<p>\\[{}\\left[ 0{,}2{,}4{,}6\\right] \\]<\/p>\n<p><!-- Text cell --><\/p>\n<div class=\"comment\">Calculemos los puntos medios:<\/div>\n<p><!-- Code cell --><\/p>\n<table>\n<tr style=\"border: 0px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 70px;vertical-align: top;padding: 1mm;\"><span class=\"prompt\">(%i14)<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 1mm;\"><span class=\"input\"><span class=\"code_variable\">xm<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_function\">makelist<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">xp<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">[<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">i<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">]<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">xp<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">[<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">i<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">]<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\/<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">i<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">m<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">;<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\"><br \/><\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">ym<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_function\">makelist<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">yp<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">[<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">i<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">]<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">yp<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">[<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">i<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">]<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\/<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">i<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">n<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">;<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<p>\\[{}\\left[ 1{,}3\\right] \\]<\/p>\n<p>\\[{}\\left[ 1{,}3{,}5\\right] \\]<\/p>\n<p><!-- Text cell --><\/p>\n<div class=\"comment\">Ahora los valores en los puntos medios:<\/div>\n<p><!-- Code cell --><\/p>\n<table>\n<tr style=\"border: 0px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 70px;vertical-align: top;padding: 1mm;\"><span class=\"prompt\">(%i15)<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 1mm;\"><span class=\"input\"><span class=\"code_variable\">fm<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_function\">create_list<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_function\">f<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">xm<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">[<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">i<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">]<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">ym<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">[<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">j<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">]<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">i<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">m<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">j<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">n<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">;<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<p>\\[{}\\left[ 2.4{,}2.5999{,}2.8{,}3.0{,}3.2{,}3.4\\right] \\]<\/p>\n<p><!-- Text cell --><\/p>\n<div class=\"comment\">Ya podemos aproximar la integral:<\/div>\n<p><!-- Code cell --><\/p>\n<table>\n<tr style=\"border: 0px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 70px;vertical-align: top;padding: 1mm;\"><span class=\"prompt\">(%i16)<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 1mm;\"><span class=\"input\"><span class=\"code_function\">sum<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">fm<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">[<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">i<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">]<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">i<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_function\">length<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">fm<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">dA<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">;<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<p>\\[{}69.6\\]<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>Regla del Trapecio (2D)<\/h2>\n<p>La <strong>Regla del Trapecio<\/strong> para una variable aproxima el \u00e1rea bajo la curva usando trapecios. Su extensi\u00f3n a dos variables es una suma ponderada de los valores de la funci\u00f3n en <strong>los nodos de la cuadr\u00edcula<\/strong> (las esquinas de los subrect\u00e1ngulos).<\/p>\n<p>Se divide la regi\u00f3n \\( R \\) en \\( m \\times n \\) subrect\u00e1ngulos. Veamos c\u00f3mo lo hacemos: Para \\(R = [a,b]\\times [c,d]\\), dividimos el rect\u00e1ngulo en una malla de \\(m\\) divisiones en \\(x\\) y \\(n\\) divisiones en \\(y\\):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Longitudes de paso:  \\[d_x = \\frac{b-a}{m}, \\quad d_y = \\frac{d-c}{n}\\]<\/li>\n<li>Puntos de la malla:  \\[x_i = a + i d_x, \\quad y_j = c + j d_y\\]<\/li>\n<li>Evaluamos la funci\u00f3n en cada punto: \\(f(x_i, y_j)\\).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Terminamos computando<br \/>\n\\[<br \/>\n\\iint_R f(x,y),dA \\approx \\frac{d_x d_y}{4} \\Bigg[\\sum_{i=0}^{m} \\sum_{j=0}^{n} w_{ij} f(x_i, y_j)\\Bigg]<br \/>\n\\]<br \/>\ndonde los pesos \\(w_{ij}\\) dependen de la posici\u00f3n del punto:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Los puntos en las cuatro esquinas de la regi\u00f3n \\( R \\) se multiplican por un peso de 1.<\/li>\n<li>Los puntos interiores se multiplican por 4.<\/li>\n<li>Los puntos en los bordes (pero no en las esquinas) se multiplican por 2.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- Ejemplo pr\u00e1ctico --><br \/>\n<script>\nfunction showHtmlDiv1x12() {\n  var htmlShow1x12 = document.getElementById(\"html-show1x12\");\n  if (htmlShow1x12.style.display === \"none\") {\n    htmlShow1x12.style.display = \"block\";\n  } else {\n    htmlShow1x12.style.display = \"none\";\n  }\n}\n<\/script> <\/p>\n<p><button onclick=\"showHtmlDiv1x12()\">Ejemplo<\/button><\/p>\n<div id=\"html-show1x12\" style=\"display: none;\">\nEn un cultivo celular en una placa, la densidad celular depende de la posici\u00f3n:<br \/>\n\\[f(x,y)=5000+100\\sin(x)+50\\cos(y)\\]<\/p>\n<p>Estimar el n\u00famero total de c\u00e9lulas en la regi\u00f3n [0,2]\u00d7[0,2], considerando una sola celda.<\/p>\n<p>Este es el caso m\u00e1s sencillo, pues solo necesitamos ver que para una sola celda<\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\">\n<pre style=\"display:inline-block; text-align:left; font-family: monospace; font-size: 1.15em; line-height: 1.2;\">\r\nf00 \u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510 f10\r\n    \u2502       \u2502\r\n    \u2502   R   \u2502\r\n    \u2502       \u2502\r\nf01 \u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518 f11\r\n<\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<p>\\[<br \/>\nI_{ij} \\approx \\frac{f_{00}+f_{10}+f_{01}+f_{11}}{4}\\, \\Delta x \\Delta y<br \/>\n\\]<\/p>\n<p>V\u00e9rtices:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>f(0,0)=5050<\/li>\n<li>f(2,0)=5140.93<\/li>\n<li>f(0,2)=4979.19<\/li>\n<li>f(2,2)=5070.12<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nMedia:<br \/>\n\\[<br \/>\n\\bar f=\\frac{5050+5140.93+4979.19+5070.12}{4}=5059.56<br \/>\n\\]\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u00c1rea: \\(d_x=\\frac{2-0}{1},\\, d_y=\\frac{2-0}{1},\\, dA=dxdy=4\\)\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\\[<br \/>\nI \\approx \\bar f \\cdot dA = 5059.56\\cdot 4 = 20238.24<br \/>\n\\]\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<blockquote>\n<p><strong>Ejercicio:<\/strong> Estimar \\(\\iint_R (2 + 0.3x + 0.1y)dxdy\\), donde  \\(R=[0,2]\\times[0,1]\\), usando una malla de 2\u00d71.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><script>\nfunction showHtmlDiv1b() {\n  var htmlShow1b = document.getElementById(\"html-show1b\");\n  if (htmlShow1b.style.display === \"none\") {\n    htmlShow1b.style.display = \"block\";\n  } else {\n    htmlShow1b.style.display = \"none\";\n  }\n}\n<\/script> <\/p>\n<p><button onclick=\"showHtmlDiv1b()\">Soluci\u00f3n:<\/button><\/p>\n<div id=\"html-show1b\" style=\"display: none;\">\n<!-- Code cell --><\/p>\n<table>\n<tr style=\"border: 0px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 70px;vertical-align: top;padding: 1mm;\"><span class=\"prompt\">(%i7) <\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 1mm;\"><span class=\"input\"><span class=\"code_function\">f<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">x<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">y<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">=<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">x<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">^<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">y<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">^<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">x<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">y<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\"><br \/><\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">a<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">0<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">b<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\"><br \/><\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">c<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">0<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">d<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\"><br \/><\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">m<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">n<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- Text cell --><\/p>\n<div class=\"comment\">Determinamos el \u00e1rea y los puntos de la malla<\/div>\n<p><!-- Code cell --><\/p>\n<table>\n<tr style=\"border: 0px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 70px;vertical-align: top;padding: 1mm;\"><span class=\"prompt\">(%i12)<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 1mm;\"><span class=\"input\"><span class=\"code_variable\">dx<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">b<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">a<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\/<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">m<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">dy<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">d<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">c<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\/<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">n<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\"><br \/><\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">dA<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">dx<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">dy<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">;<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\"><br \/><\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">xp<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_function\">makelist<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">a<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">i<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">dx<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">i<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">0<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">m<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">;<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\"><br \/><\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">yp<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_function\">makelist<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">c<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">i<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">dy<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">i<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">0<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">n<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">;<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<p>\\[{ }1\\]<\/p>\n<p>\\[{ }\\left[ 0{,}1{,}2\\right] \\]<\/p>\n<p>\\[{ }\\left[ 0{,}1\\right] \\]<\/p>\n<p><!-- Text cell --><\/p>\n<div class=\"comment\">Ahora los valores en los puntos de la malla:<\/div>\n<p><!-- Code cell --><\/p>\n<table>\n<tr style=\"border: 0px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 70px;vertical-align: top;padding: 1mm;\"><span class=\"prompt\">(%i14)<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 1mm;\"><span class=\"input\"><span class=\"code_function\">create_list<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">[<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">xp<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">[<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">i<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">]<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">yp<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">[<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">j<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">]<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">]<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">i<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">m<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">j<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">n<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">;<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\"><br \/><\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">fm<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_function\">create_list<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_function\">f<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">xp<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">[<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">i<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">]<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">yp<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">[<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">j<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">]<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">i<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">m<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">j<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">n<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">;<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<p>\\[{ }\\left[ \\left[ 0{,}0\\right] {,}\\left[ 0{,}1\\right] {,}\\left[ 1{,}0\\right] {,}\\left[ 1{,}1\\right] {,}\\left[ 2{,}0\\right] {,}\\left[ 2{,}1\\right] \\right] \\]<\/p>\n<p>\\[{ }\\left[ 0{,}1{,}1{,}3{,}4{,}7\\right] \\]<\/p>\n<p><!-- Text cell --><\/p>\n<div class=\"comment\">Para asignar el peso vemos:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Esquinas: peso = 1 \u2192 (0,0), (2,0), (0,1), (2,1) <\/li>\n<li>Bordes (no esquinas): peso = 2 \u2192 (1,0), (1,1) <\/li>\n<li>Interior: peso = 4 \u2192 (no hay interior en este caso)\n<p>Entonces, el resultado aproximado<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- Code cell --><\/p>\n<table>\n<tr style=\"border: 0px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 70px;vertical-align: top;padding: 1mm;\"><span class=\"prompt\">(%i15)<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 1mm;\"><span class=\"input\"><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">dA<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\/<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">4<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">0<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">4<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">3<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">7<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">;<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<p>\\[{ }5\\]<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<blockquote>\n<p><strong>Ejercicio:<\/strong> Estimar \\(\\iint_R\\,xy\\,dxdy\\), sobre \\(R=[1,3]\\times[0,2]\\), usando una malla de 2\u00d72.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><script>\nfunction showHtmlDiv1b3() {\n  var htmlShow1b3 = document.getElementById(\"html-show1b3\");\n  if (htmlShow1b3.style.display === \"none\") {\n    htmlShow1b3.style.display = \"block\";\n  } else {\n    htmlShow1b3.style.display = \"none\";\n  }\n}\n<\/script> <\/p>\n<p><button onclick=\"showHtmlDiv1b3()\">Soluci\u00f3n:<\/button><\/p>\n<div id=\"html-show1b3\" style=\"display: none;\">\n<!-- Code cell --><\/p>\n<table>\n<tr style=\"border: 0px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 70px;vertical-align: top;padding: 1mm;\"><span class=\"prompt\">(%i7) <\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 1mm;\"><span class=\"input\"><span class=\"code_function\">f<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">x<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">y<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">=<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">x<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">y<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\"><br \/><\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">a<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">b<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">3<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\"><br \/><\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">c<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">0<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">d<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\"><br \/><\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">m<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">n<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- Text cell --><\/p>\n<div class=\"comment\">Determinamos el \u00e1rea ylos puntos de la malla<\/div>\n<p><!-- Code cell --><\/p>\n<table>\n<tr style=\"border: 0px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 70px;vertical-align: top;padding: 1mm;\"><span class=\"prompt\">(%i12)<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 1mm;\"><span class=\"input\"><span class=\"code_variable\">dx<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">b<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">a<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\/<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">m<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">dy<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">d<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">c<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\/<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">n<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\"><br \/><\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">dA<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">dx<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">dy<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\"><br \/><\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">xp<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_function\">makelist<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">a<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">i<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">dx<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">i<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">0<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">m<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">;<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\"><br \/><\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">yp<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_function\">makelist<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">c<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">i<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">dy<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">i<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">0<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">n<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">;<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<p>\\[{ }\\left[ 1{,}2{,}3\\right] \\]<\/p>\n<p>\\[{ }\\left[ 0{,}1{,}2\\right] \\]<\/p>\n<p><!-- Text cell --><\/p>\n<div class=\"comment\">Ahora, mostramos los puntos de la malla:<\/div>\n<p><!-- Code cell --><\/p>\n<table>\n<tr style=\"border: 0px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 70px;vertical-align: top;padding: 1mm;\"><span class=\"prompt\">(%i13)<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 1mm;\"><span class=\"input\"><span class=\"code_function\">create_list<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">[<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">xp<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">[<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">i<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">]<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">yp<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">[<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">j<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">]<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">]<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">i<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">m<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">j<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">n<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">;<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<p>\\[{ }\\left[ \\left[ 1{,}0\\right] {,}\\left[ 1{,}1\\right] {,}\\left[ 1{,}2\\right] {,}\\left[ 2{,}0\\right] {,}\\left[ 2{,}1\\right] {,}\\left[ 2{,}2\\right] {,}\\left[ 3{,}0\\right] {,}\\left[ 3{,}1\\right] {,}\\left[ 3{,}2\\right] \\right] \\]<\/p>\n<p>Si colocamos los puntos en el plano, vemos c\u00f3mo se sit\u00faan en la malla:<\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\">\n<pre style=\"display:inline-block; text-align:left; font-family: monospace; font-size: 1.15em; line-height: 1.2;\">\r\n[1,0],[1,1],[1,2]\r\n[2,0],[2,1],[2,2]\r\n[3,0],[3,1],[3,2]\r\n<\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<p>Esto nos dice c\u00f3mo aplicar los pesos:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Esquinas: peso = 1 \\(\\to\\) (1,0), (1,2), (3,0), (3,2) <\/li>\n<li>Bordes (no esquinas): peso = 2 \\(\\to\\) (1,1), (2,0), (2,2), (3,2) <\/li>\n<li>Interior: peso = 4 \\(\\to\\) (2,1) <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Entonces, el resultado aproximado<br \/>\n<!-- Code cell --><\/p>\n<table>\n<tr style=\"border: 0px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 70px;vertical-align: top;padding: 1mm;\"><span class=\"prompt\">(%i14)<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 1mm;\"><span class=\"input\"><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">dA<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\/<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">4<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"code_function\">f<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">0<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"code_function\">f<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"code_function\">f<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\"><br \/><\/span> \u00a0\u00a0 <span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"code_function\">f<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">0<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">4<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"code_function\">f<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"code_function\">f<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\"><br \/><\/span> \u00a0\u00a0 <span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"code_function\">f<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">3<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">0<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"code_function\">f<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">3<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"code_function\">f<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">3<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">;<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<p>\\[{ }8\\]<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<blockquote><p><strong>Ejercicio:<\/strong> Una placa de Petri rectangular, denotada como $R$, se utiliza para cultivar una colonia de microorganismos. La regi\u00f3n rectangular est\u00e1 definida por los l\u00edmites \\( 0 \\le x \\le 4 \\)cm y \\( 0 \\le y \\le 2 \\)cm.<\/p>\n<p>La densidad de poblaci\u00f3n de la colonia bacteriana en cualquier punto \\((x, y)\\) de la placa est\u00e1 modelada por la funci\u00f3n:<br \/>\n\\[<br \/>\n\\rho(x, y) = 1 + x^2 y<br \/>\n\\]<br \/>\ndonde \\(\\rho\\) se mide en millones de c\u00e9lulas por cent\u00edmetro cuadrado.<\/p>\n<p>Aproximar la poblaci\u00f3n total \\(P\\) de la colonia bacteriana presente en toda la placa de Petri.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Nota<\/strong>: Para calcular la poblaci\u00f3n total \\( P \\), debemos integrar la funci\u00f3n de densidad \\(\\rho(x, y)\\) sobre la regi\u00f3n \\( R \\). Aproximese con una malla de 4&#215;2.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script>\nfunction showHtmlDiv1b3g() {\n  var htmlShow1b3g = document.getElementById(\"html-show1b3g\");\n  if (htmlShow1b3g.style.display === \"none\") {\n    htmlShow1b3g.style.display = \"block\";\n  } else {\n    htmlShow1b3g.style.display = \"none\";\n  }\n}\n<\/script> <\/p>\n<p><button onclick=\"showHtmlDiv1b3g()\">Soluci\u00f3n:<\/button><\/p>\n<div id=\"html-show1b3g\" style=\"display: none;\">\nNecesitamos resolver la integral<br \/>\n\\[<br \/>\nP = \\int_0^4 \\int_0^2 (1 + x^2 y) \\, dy \\, dx<br \/>\n\\]<\/p>\n<p><!-- Code cell --><\/p>\n<table>\n<tr style=\"border: 0px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 70px;vertical-align: top;padding: 1mm;\"><span class=\"prompt\">(%i7) <\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 1mm;\"><span class=\"input\"><span class=\"code_function\">f<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">x<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">y<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">=<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">x<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">^<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">y<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\"><br \/><\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">a<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">0<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">b<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">4<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\"><br \/><\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">c<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">0<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">d<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\"><br \/><\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">m<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">4<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">n<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- Text cell --><\/p>\n<div class=\"comment\">Determinamos el \u00e1rea y los puntos de la malla<\/div>\n<p><!-- Code cell --><\/p>\n<table>\n<tr style=\"border: 0px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 70px;vertical-align: top;padding: 1mm;\"><span class=\"prompt\">(%i12)<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 1mm;\"><span class=\"input\"><span class=\"code_variable\">dx<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">b<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">a<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\/<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">m<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">dy<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">d<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">c<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\/<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">n<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\"><br \/><\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">dA<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">dx<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">dy<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\"><br \/><\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">xp<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_function\">makelist<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">a<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">i<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">dx<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">i<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">0<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">m<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">;<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\"><br \/><\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">yp<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_function\">makelist<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">c<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">i<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">dy<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">i<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">0<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">n<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">;<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<p>\\[{ }\\left[ 0{,}1{,}2{,}3{,}4\\right] \\]<\/p>\n<p>\\[{ }\\left[ 0{,}1{,}2\\right] \\]<\/p>\n<p><!-- Text cell --><\/p>\n<div class=\"comment\">Ahora, mostramos los puntos de la malla:<\/div>\n<p><!-- Code cell --><\/p>\n<table>\n<tr style=\"border: 0px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 70px;vertical-align: top;padding: 1mm;\"><span class=\"prompt\">(%i13)<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 1mm;\"><span class=\"input\"><span class=\"code_function\">create_list<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">[<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">xp<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">[<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">i<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">]<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">yp<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">[<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">j<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">]<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">]<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">i<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">m<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">j<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">n<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">;<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\">\n<pre style=\"display:inline-block; text-align:left; font-family: monospace; font-size: 1.15em; line-height: 1.2;\">\r\n[0,0] [0,1] [0,2]\r\n[1,0] [1,1] [1,2]\r\n[2,0] [2,1] [2,2]\r\n[3,0] [3,1] [3,2]\r\n[4,0] [4,1] [4,2]\r\n<\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<p>Esto nos dice c\u00f3mo aplicar los pesos:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Esquinas: peso = 1 \\(\\to\\)  (0,0), (0,2), (4,0), (4,2)  <\/li>\n<li>Bordes (no esquinas): peso = 2 \\(\\to\\) (0,1), (1,0), (2,0), (3,0), (1,2), (2,2), (3,2), (4,1) <\/li>\n<li>Interior: peso = 4 \\(\\to\\) (1,1), (2,1), (3,1) <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- Code cell --><\/p>\n<table>\n<tr style=\"border: 0px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 70px;vertical-align: top;padding: 1mm;\"><span class=\"prompt\">(%i17)<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 1mm;\"><span class=\"input\"><span class=\"code_variable\">p1<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_function\">f<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">0<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">0<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_function\">f<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">0<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_function\">f<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">4<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">0<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_function\">f<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">4<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\"><br \/><\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">p2<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_function\">f<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">0<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_function\">f<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">0<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_function\">f<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">0<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_function\">f<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">3<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">0<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_function\">f<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_function\">f<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_function\">f<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">3<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_function\">f<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">4<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\"><br \/><\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">p4<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_function\">f<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_function\">f<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_function\">f<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">3<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\"><br \/><\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">dA<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\/<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">4<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">p1<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">p2<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">4<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">p4<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">;<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<p>\\[{ }52\\]<\/p>\n<p>La poblaci\u00f3n total de la colonia bacteriana en la placa de Petri es aproximadamente a \\( 52 \\) millones de c\u00e9lulas.\n<\/p><\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>Regla del Simpson (2D)<\/h2>\n<p>La Regla de Simpson mejora la precisi\u00f3n de las reglas anteriores al aproximar la funci\u00f3n \\( f(x, y) \\) por polinomios de segundo grado (cu\u00e1dricas) en lugar de constantes (Punto Medio) o planos (Trapecio). Requiere que el n\u00famero de subintervalos en ambas direcciones (\\( m \\) y \\( n \\)) sea par.<\/p>\n<p>Para aproximar:<\/p>\n<p>\\[<br \/>\nI = \\int_a^b \\int_c^d f(x,y), dy, dx<br \/>\n\\]<\/p>\n<p>sobre el rect\u00e1ngulo \\( [a,b]\\times[c,d] \\), dividimos ambos intervalos en n\u00famero par de subintervalos (por ejemplo, \\(m\\) en \\(x\\) y \\(n\\) en \\(y\\)).<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Paso en \\(x\\): \\( d_x = \\dfrac{b-a}{m} \\)<\/li>\n<li>Paso en \\(y\\): \\( d_y = \\dfrac{d-c}{n} \\)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Los puntos son \\( x_i = a + i d_x \\) y \\( y_j = c + j d_y \\).<\/p>\n<p>De este modo:<br \/>\n\\[<br \/>\nI \\approx \\frac{d_x d_y}{9} \\sum_{i=0}^{m} \\sum_{j=0}^{n} w_{ij} f(x_i, y_j)<br \/>\n\\]<\/p>\n<p>donde los <strong>pesos<\/strong> \\(w_{ij}\\) siguen este patr\u00f3n:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Las esquinas tienen peso 1<\/li>\n<li>Los bordes impares tienen peso 4<\/li>\n<li>Los bordes pares tienen peso 2<\/li>\n<li>Los nodos interiores impares tienen peso 16<\/li>\n<li>Los nodos interiores pares tienen peso 8<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- Ejemplo pr\u00e1ctico --><br \/>\n<script>\nfunction showHtmlDiv1x123() {\n  var htmlShow1x123 = document.getElementById(\"html-show1x123\");\n  if (htmlShow1x123.style.display === \"none\") {\n    htmlShow1x123.style.display = \"block\";\n  } else {\n    htmlShow1x123.style.display = \"none\";\n  }\n}\n<\/script> <\/p>\n<p><button onclick=\"showHtmlDiv1x123()\">Ejemplo<\/button><\/p>\n<div id=\"html-show1x123\" style=\"display: none;\">\nEn un estudio de transferencia de calor en un tejido biol\u00f3gico, la distribuci\u00f3n de temperatura ( T(x,y) ) en una regi\u00f3n rectangular se modela mediante la funci\u00f3n:<br \/>\n\\[<br \/>\nT(x,y) = 20 + 2x^2 + 3y^2<br \/>\n\\]<br \/>\ndonde:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\\( x \\) representa la posici\u00f3n horizontal en cent\u00edmetros,<\/li>\n<li>\\( y \\) representa la posici\u00f3n vertical en cent\u00edmetros,<\/li>\n<li>\\( T(x,y) \\) est\u00e1 en grados Celsius.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Se desea calcular la energ\u00eda t\u00e9rmica aproximada en la regi\u00f3n rectangular:<br \/>\n\\[<br \/>\n0 \\le x \\le 2 \\text{ cm}, \\quad 0 \\le y \\le 1 \\text{ cm}<br \/>\n\\]<br \/>\nsuponiendo que la densidad y el calor espec\u00edfico son constantes e iguales a 1 (para simplificar, la energ\u00eda ser\u00e1 proporcional al \u00e1rea bajo la funci\u00f3n).<\/p>\n<p>Necesitamos calcular<br \/>\n\\[<br \/>\nI = \\int_{0}^{2} \\int_{0}^{1} T(x,y), dy, dx<br \/>\n\\]<br \/>\ny para ello, utilizaremos <strong>la regla de Simpson<\/strong> con \\( m = 2 \\) subdivisiones en \\( x \\) y \\( n = 2 \\) subdivisiones en \\( y \\).<\/p>\n<p>Primero determinamos<br \/>\n\\[<br \/>\nd_x = \\frac{2-0}{2} = 1, \\quad d_y = \\frac{1-0}{2} = 0.5<br \/>\n\\]<br \/>\npara calcular los puntos:<br \/>\n\\[<br \/>\nx = {0, 1, 2}, \\quad y = {0, 0.5, 1}<br \/>\n\\]<\/p>\n<p>A continuaci\u00f3n vemos los valores de la funci\u00f3n y el patr\u00f3n de pesos.<br \/>\n\\[<br \/>\n\\begin{array}{|c|c|c|}<br \/>\n\\hline<br \/>\nx &#038; y &#038; T(x,y) \\\\<br \/>\n\\hline<br \/>\n0 &#038; 0 &#038; 20 \\\\<br \/>\n0 &#038; 0.5 &#038; 20.75 \\\\<br \/>\n0 &#038; 1 &#038; 23 \\\\<br \/>\n1 &#038; 0 &#038; 22 \\\\<br \/>\n1 &#038; 0.5 &#038; 22.75 \\\\<br \/>\n1 &#038; 1 &#038; 25 \\\\<br \/>\n2 &#038; 0 &#038; 28 \\\\<br \/>\n2 &#038; 0.5 &#038; 28.75 \\\\<br \/>\n2 &#038; 1 &#038; 31 \\\\<br \/>\n\\hline<br \/>\n\\end{array}<br \/>\n\\]<br \/>\nque se disponen como <\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\">\n<pre style=\"display:inline-block; text-align:left; font-family: monospace; font-size: 1.15em; line-height: 1.2;\">\r\n[0,0] [0,0.5] [0,1]\r\n[1,0] [1,0.5] [1,1]\r\n[2,0] [2,0.5] [2,1]\r\n<\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<p>El patr\u00f3n de pesos nos lo proporciona una matriz de 3&#215;3:<br \/>\n\\[<br \/>\n\\begin{bmatrix}<br \/>\n1 &#038; 4 &#038; 1 \\\\<br \/>\n4 &#038; 16 &#038; 4 \\\\<br \/>\n1 &#038; 4 &#038; 1<br \/>\n\\end{bmatrix}<br \/>\n\\]<\/p>\n<p>Una manera sencilla de aplicar los pesos multiplicar, elemento a elemento, esta matriz con la matriz de los valores:<br \/>\n\\[<br \/>\n\\begin{bmatrix}<br \/>\nf(0,0)&#038;f(0,0.5)&#038;f(0,1)\\\\<br \/>\nf(1,0)&#038;f(1,0.5)&#038;f(1,1)\\\\<br \/>\nf(2,0)&#038;f(2,0.5)&#038;f(2,1)<br \/>\n\\end{bmatrix}=<br \/>\n\\begin{bmatrix}<br \/>\n20 &#038; 20.75 &#038; 23 \\\\<br \/>\n22 &#038; 22.75 &#038; 25 \\\\<br \/>\n28 &#038; 28.75 &#038; 31<br \/>\n\\end{bmatrix}<br \/>\n\\]<br \/>\nMultiplicando elemento a elemento:<br \/>\n\\[<br \/>\n\\begin{bmatrix}<br \/>\n20 &#038; 20.75 &#038; 23 \\\\<br \/>\n22 &#038; 22.75 &#038; 25 \\\\<br \/>\n28 &#038; 28.75 &#038; 31<br \/>\n\\end{bmatrix}*<br \/>\n\\begin{bmatrix}<br \/>\n1 &#038; 4 &#038; 1 \\\\<br \/>\n4 &#038; 16 &#038; 4 \\\\<br \/>\n1 &#038; 4 &#038; 1<br \/>\n\\end{bmatrix}=<br \/>\n\\begin{bmatrix}20 &#038; 83.0 &#038; 23\\\\<br \/>\n88 &#038; 364.0 &#038; 150\\\\<br \/>\n28 &#038; 115.0 &#038; 31\\end{bmatrix}\\]<br \/>\nAhora sumamos todos los elementos de esta matriz<br \/>\n\\[<br \/>\n\\text{Suma} = 20 + 83 + 23 + 88 + 364 + 100 + 28 + 115 + 31 = 852<br \/>\n\\]<\/p>\n<p>Por \u00faltimo, aplicamos la f\u00f3rmula<br \/>\n\\[<br \/>\nI \\approx \\frac{d_x d_y}{9} \\cdot \\text{Suma} = \\frac{(1)(0.5)}{9} \\cdot 852 = \\frac{426}{9} \\approx 47.33<br \/>\n\\]\n<\/p><\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<blockquote><p><strong>Ejercicio:<\/strong> En un cultivo bacteriano bidimensional, la densidad de poblaci\u00f3n de bacterias <em>E. coli<\/em> en una placa de Petri rectangular viene dada por la funci\u00f3n:<br \/>\n\\[<br \/>\nf(x,y) = 100 e^{-0.1(x^2 + y^2)}<br \/>\n\\]<br \/>\ndonde \\(x\\) e \\(y\\) se miden en cent\u00edmetros desde el centro de la placa, y \\(f(x,y)\\) representa el n\u00famero de bacterias por cm\u00b2 en el punto \\((x,y)\\).<\/p>\n<p>Se desea calcular el n\u00famero total de bacterias en la regi\u00f3n rectangular \\(R = [0, 2] \\times [0, 2]\\) utilizando el <strong>m\u00e9todo de Simpson compuesto 1\/3<\/strong> con \\(n = 2\\) subintervalos en cada direcci\u00f3n.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script>\nfunction showHtmlDiv12a() {\n  var htmlShow12a = document.getElementById(\"html-show12a\");\n  if (htmlShow12a.style.display === \"none\") {\n    htmlShow12a.style.display = \"block\";\n  } else {\n    htmlShow12a.style.display = \"none\";\n  }\n}\n<\/script> <\/p>\n<p><button onclick=\"showHtmlDiv12a()\">Soluci\u00f3n:<\/button><\/p>\n<div id=\"html-show12a\" style=\"display: none;\">\n<!-- Code cell --><\/p>\n<table>\n<tr style=\"border: 0px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 70px;vertical-align: top;padding: 1mm;\"><span class=\"prompt\">(%i6)<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 1mm;\"><span class=\"input\"><span class=\"code_function\">f<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">x<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">y<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">=<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">100<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">%e<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">^<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">0<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">.<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">x<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">^<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">y<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">^<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\"><br \/><\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">a<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">0<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">b<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\"><br \/><\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">c<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">0<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">d<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\"><br \/><\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">n<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- Text cell --><\/p>\n<div class=\"comment\">Determinamos el \u00e1rea y los puntos de la malla<\/div>\n<p><!-- Code cell --><\/p>\n<table>\n<tr style=\"border: 0px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 70px;vertical-align: top;padding: 1mm;\"><span class=\"prompt\">(%i11) <\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 1mm;\"><span class=\"input\"><span class=\"code_variable\">dx<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">b<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">a<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\/<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">n<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">dy<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">d<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">c<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\/<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">n<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\"><br \/><\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">dA<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">dx<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">dy<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\"><br \/><\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">xp<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_function\">makelist<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">a<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">i<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">dx<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">i<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">0<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">n<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">;<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\"><br \/><\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">yp<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_function\">makelist<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">c<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">i<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">dy<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">i<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">0<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">n<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">;<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<p>\\[{}\\left[ 0{,}1{,}2\\right] \\]<\/p>\n<p>\\[{}\\left[ 0{,}1{,}2\\right] \\]<\/p>\n<p><!-- Text cell --><\/p>\n<div class=\"comment\">Ahora, mostramos los puntos de la malla:<\/div>\n<p><!-- Code cell --><\/p>\n<table>\n<tr style=\"border: 0px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 70px;vertical-align: top;padding: 1mm;\"><span class=\"prompt\">(%i12) <\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 1mm;\"><span class=\"input\"><span class=\"code_function\">create_list<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">[<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">xp<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">[<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">i<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">]<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">yp<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">[<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">j<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">]<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">]<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">i<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">n<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">j<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">n<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">;<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<p>\\[{}\\left[ \\left[ 0{,}0\\right] {,}\\left[ 0{,}1\\right] {,}\\left[ 0{,}2\\right] {,}\\left[ 1{,}0\\right] {,}\\left[ 1{,}1\\right] {,}\\left[ 1{,}2\\right] {,}\\left[ 2{,}0\\right] {,}\\left[ 2{,}1\\right] {,}\\left[ 2{,}2\\right] \\right] \\]<\/p>\n<p>Dibujemos la malla:<\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\">\n<pre style=\"display:inline-block; text-align:left; font-family: monospace; font-size: 1.15em; line-height: 1.2;\">\r\n[0,0] [0,1] [0,2]\r\n[1,0] [1,1] [1,2]\r\n[2,0] [2,1] [2,2]\r\n<\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<p>Esto nos dice c\u00f3mo aplicar los pesos:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Esquinas: peso = 1 \\(\\to\\) (0,0), (0,2), (2,0), (2,2) <\/li>\n<li>Bordes impares (no esquinas): peso = 4 \\(\\to\\) (0,1), (1,0), (1,2), (2,1) <\/li>\n<li>Interior impar: peso = 16 \\(\\to\\) (1,1) <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Entonces, el resultado aproximado es:<br \/>\n<!-- Code cell --><\/p>\n<table>\n<tr style=\"border: 0px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 70px;vertical-align: top;padding: 1mm;\"><span class=\"prompt\">(%i16) <\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 1mm;\"><span class=\"input\"><span class=\"code_variable\">p1<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_function\">f<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">0<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">0<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_function\">f<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">0<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_function\">f<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">0<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_function\">f<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\"><br \/><\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">p4<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_function\">f<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">0<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_function\">f<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">0<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_function\">f<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_function\">f<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\"><br \/><\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">p16<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_function\">f<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\"><br \/><\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">dA<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\/<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">9<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">p1<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">4<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">p4<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">16<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">p16<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">;<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<p>\\[{}310.8956\\]<\/p>\n<p>El n\u00famero total estimado de bacterias en la regi\u00f3n rectangular de \\(2 \\times 2\\) \\(cm^2\\) es aproximadamente 311 bacterias.<\/p>\n<p>Este resultado tiene sentido biol\u00f3gico ya que la densidad es m\u00e1xima en el centro de la placa (100 bacterias\/\\(cm^2\\)) y disminuye exponencialmente hacia los bordes debido al factor \\(e^{-0.1(x^2+y^2)}\\), simulando condiciones de crecimiento \u00f3ptimas en el centro y limitaci\u00f3n de nutrientes en la periferia.\n<\/p><\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<p>El m\u00e9todo de Simpson proporciona una excelente aproximaci\u00f3n para funciones suaves como la distribuci\u00f3n exponencial. Para mayor precisi\u00f3n, se podr\u00eda aumentar el n\u00famero de subintervalos (por ejemplo, \\(n = 4\\) o \\(n = 6\\)), lo que reducir\u00eda el error de aproximaci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong>Ejercicio:<\/strong> En un estudio de difusi\u00f3n de ox\u00edgeno en un tejido muscular, la concentraci\u00f3n de ox\u00edgeno (en mmol\/L) en una secci\u00f3n rectangular del tejido viene dada por la funci\u00f3n:<\/p>\n<p>\\[<br \/>\nf(x,y) = 50(1 + \\cos(\\pi x))(1 + \\sin(\\pi y))<br \/>\n\\]<\/p>\n<p>donde \\(x\\) e \\(y\\) se miden en mil\u00edmetros. Se desea calcular la cantidad total de ox\u00edgeno en la regi\u00f3n rectangular \\(R = [0, 1] \\times [0, 1]\\) utilizando el <strong>m\u00e9todo de Simpson compuesto 1\/3<\/strong> con \\(n = 4\\) subintervalos en cada direcci\u00f3n.\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script>\nfunction showHtmlDiv12a1() {\n  var htmlShow12a1 = document.getElementById(\"html-show12a1\");\n  if (htmlShow12a1.style.display === \"none\") {\n    htmlShow12a1.style.display = \"block\";\n  } else {\n    htmlShow12a1.style.display = \"none\";\n  }\n}\n<\/script> <\/p>\n<p><button onclick=\"showHtmlDiv12a1()\">Soluci\u00f3n:<\/button><\/p>\n<div id=\"html-show12a1\" style=\"display: none;\">\nLa cantidad total de ox\u00edgeno en la regi\u00f3n \\(R\\) viene dada por:<\/p>\n<p>\\[<br \/>\nI = \\iint_R f(x,y) \\, dA = \\int_0^1 \\int_0^1 50(1 + \\cos(\\pi x))(1 + \\sin(\\pi y)) \\, dx \\, dy<br \/>\n\\]<\/p>\n<p>Para aplicar el m\u00e9todo de Simpson compuesto 1\/3 con \\(n = 4\\) subintervalos en cada direcci\u00f3n, necesitamos \\(a = 0\\), \\(b = 1\\), \\(n_x = 4\\)<\/p>\n<p><!-- Code cell --><\/p>\n<table>\n<tr style=\"border: 0px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 70px;vertical-align: top;padding: 1mm;\"><span class=\"prompt\">(%i6)<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 1mm;\"><span class=\"input\"><span class=\"code_function\">f<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">x<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">y<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">=<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">50<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_function\">cos<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">%pi<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">x<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_function\">sin<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">%pi<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">y<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\"><br \/><\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">a<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">0<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">b<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\"><br \/><\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">c<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">0<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">d<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\"><br \/><\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">n<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">4<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- Text cell --><\/p>\n<div class=\"comment\">Determinamos el \u00e1rea y los puntos de la malla<\/div>\n<p><!-- Code cell --><\/p>\n<table>\n<tr style=\"border: 0px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 70px;vertical-align: top;padding: 1mm;\"><span class=\"prompt\">(%i11) <\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 1mm;\"><span class=\"input\"><span class=\"code_variable\">dx<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">b<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">a<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\/<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">n<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">dy<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">d<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u2212<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">c<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\/<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">n<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\"><br \/><\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">dA<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">dx<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">dy<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\"><br \/><\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">xp<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_function\">makelist<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">a<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">i<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">dx<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">i<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">0<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">n<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">;<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\"><br \/><\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">yp<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_function\">makelist<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">c<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">i<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">dy<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">i<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">0<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">n<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">;<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<p>\\[{}\\left[ 0{,}\\frac{1}{4}{,}\\frac{1}{2}{,}\\frac{3}{4}{,}1\\right] \\]<\/p>\n<p>\\[{}\\left[ 0{,}\\frac{1}{4}{,}\\frac{1}{2}{,}\\frac{3}{4}{,}1\\right] \\]<\/p>\n<p><!-- Text cell --><\/p>\n<div class=\"comment\">Ahora, mostramos los puntos de la malla y la dibujamos:<\/div>\n<p><!-- Code cell --><\/p>\n<table>\n<tr style=\"border: 0px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 70px;vertical-align: top;padding: 1mm;\"><span class=\"prompt\">(%i14) <\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 1mm;\"><span class=\"input\"><span class=\"code_variable\">p<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_function\">create_list<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">[<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">xp<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">[<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">i<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">]<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">yp<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">[<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">j<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">]<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">]<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">i<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">n<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">j<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">n<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\"><br \/><\/span><span class=\"code_function\">makelist<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_function\">print<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_function\">makelist<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">p<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">[<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">5<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">j<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">i<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">]<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">i<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">5<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">j<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">0<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">4<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\"><br \/><\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">fp<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_function\">create_list<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_function\">f<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">xp<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">[<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">i<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">]<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">yp<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">[<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">j<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">]<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">i<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">n<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">j<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">n<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">+<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<p>\\[<br \/>\n\\begin{matrix}<br \/>\n\\left[ 0{,}0\\right] &amp;\\left[ 0{,}\\frac{1}{4}\\right] &amp;\\left[ 0{,}\\frac{1}{2}\\right] &amp;\\left[ 0{,}\\frac{3}{4}\\right] &amp;\\left[ 0{,}1\\right]\\\\ \\left[ \\frac{1}{4}{,}0\\right] &amp;\\left[ \\frac{1}{4}{,}\\frac{1}{4}\\right] &amp;\\left[ \\frac{1}{4}{,}\\frac{1}{2}\\right] &amp;\\left[ \\frac{1}{4}{,}\\frac{3}{4}\\right] &amp;\\left[ \\frac{1}{4}{,}1\\right]\\\\ \\left[ \\frac{1}{2}{,}0\\right] &amp;\\left[ \\frac{1}{2}{,}\\frac{1}{4}\\right] &amp;\\left[ \\frac{1}{2}{,}\\frac{1}{2}\\right] &amp;\\left[ \\frac{1}{2}{,}\\frac{3}{4}\\right] &amp;\\left[ \\frac{1}{2}{,}1\\right]\\\\ \\left[ \\frac{3}{4}{,}0\\right] &amp;\\left[ \\frac{3}{4}{,}\\frac{1}{4}\\right] &amp;\\left[ \\frac{3}{4}{,}\\frac{1}{2}\\right] &amp;\\left[ \\frac{3}{4}{,}\\frac{3}{4}\\right] &amp;\\left[ \\frac{3}{4}{,}1\\right]\\\\ \\left[ 1{,}0\\right] &amp;\\left[ 1{,}\\frac{1}{4}\\right] &amp;\\left[ 1{,}\\frac{1}{2}\\right] &amp;\\left[ 1{,}\\frac{3}{4}\\right] &amp;\\left[ 1{,}1\\right]<br \/>\n\\end{matrix}<br \/>\n\\]<\/p>\n<p><!-- Text cell --><\/p>\n<div class=\"comment\">Para el m\u00e9todo de Simpson con \\(n = 4\\) subintervalos, la matriz de pesos \\(w_{ij}\\) es:<br \/>\\[<br \/>W = \\begin{bmatrix}<br \/>1 &amp; 4 &amp; 2 &amp; 4 &amp; 1 \\\\<br \/>4 &amp; 16 &amp; 8 &amp; 16 &amp; 4 \\\\<br \/>2 &amp; 8 &amp; 4 &amp; 8 &amp; 2 \\\\<br \/>4 &amp; 16 &amp; 8 &amp; 16 &amp; 4 \\\\<br \/>1 &amp; 4 &amp; 2 &amp; 4 &amp; 1<br \/>\\end{bmatrix}<br \/>\\]<\/div>\n<p><!-- Code cell --><\/p>\n<table>\n<tr style=\"border: 0px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 70px;vertical-align: top;padding: 1mm;\"><span class=\"prompt\">(%i15) <\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 1mm;\"><span class=\"input\"><span class=\"code_variable\">w<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">[<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">4<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">4<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\"><br \/><\/span> \u00a0\u00a0 <span class=\"code_number\">4<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">16<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">8<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">16<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">4<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\"><br \/><\/span> \u00a0\u00a0 <span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">8<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">4<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">8<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\"><br \/><\/span> \u00a0\u00a0 <span class=\"code_number\">4<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">16<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">8<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">16<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">4<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\"><br \/><\/span> \u00a0\u00a0 <span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">4<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">2<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">4<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">1<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">]<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- Text cell --><\/p>\n<div class=\"comment\">Entonces, el resultado aproximado<\/div>\n<p><!-- Code cell --><\/p>\n<table>\n<tr style=\"border: 0px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 70px;vertical-align: top;padding: 1mm;\"><span class=\"prompt\">(%i17) <\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 1mm;\"><span class=\"input\"><span class=\"code_variable\">suma<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">:<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">fp<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">.<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">w<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">$<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\"><br \/><\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">(<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">dA<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\/<\/span><span class=\"code_number\">9<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">)<\/span><span class=\"code_operator\">\u00b7<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">suma<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">,<\/span><span class=\"code_variable\">numer<\/span><span class=\"code_endofline\">;<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<p>\\[{}81.903559\\]<\/p>\n<p>La cantidad total de ox\u00edgeno en la regi\u00f3n de 1\u00d71 \\(mm^2\\) del tejido muscular es aproximadamente <strong>82 mmol<\/strong> (valor anal\u00edtico exacto). La distribuci\u00f3n espacial muestra una variaci\u00f3n sinusoidal que podr\u00eda modelar gradientes de concentraci\u00f3n debido a la estructura vascular del tejido, con zonas de mayor oxigenaci\u00f3n cerca de los capilares sangu\u00edneos y menor concentraci\u00f3n en \u00e1reas alejadas de los vasos.<\/p>\n<p>El patr\u00f3n coseno-seno representa oscilaciones naturales en la perfusi\u00f3n tisular, t\u00edpicas de tejidos con irrigaci\u00f3n peri\u00f3dica o puls\u00e1til.\n<\/p><\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<h1>Aproximaci\u00f3n num\u00e9rica para Integrales Triples<\/h1>\n<h2>Integraci\u00f3n Triple con el M\u00e9todo de Simpson<\/h2>\n<p>El m\u00e9todo de Simpson para integrales triples es una extensi\u00f3n natural del m\u00e9todo bidimensional. Permite aproximar integrales de la forma:<\/p>\n<p>\\[<br \/>\nI = \\iiint_V f(x,y,z) \\, dV = \\int_a^b \\int_c^d \\int_e^f f(x,y,z) \\, dz \\, dy \\, dx<br \/>\n\\]<\/p>\n<p>sobre un dominio rectangular \\(V = [a,b] \\times [c,d] \\times [e,f]\\).<\/p>\n<h3>F\u00f3rmula del M\u00e9todo de Simpson 1\/3 para Integrales Triples<\/h3>\n<p>Dividimos cada direcci\u00f3n en \\(n\\) subintervalos (donde \\(n\\) debe ser par):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Direcci\u00f3n \\(x\\): \\(d_x = \\frac{b-a}{n_x}\\), con puntos \\(x_i = a + i \\cdot d_x\\), \\(i = 0, 1, \\ldots, n_x\\)<\/li>\n<li>Direcci\u00f3n \\(y\\): \\(d_y = \\frac{d-c}{n_y}\\), con puntos \\(y_j = c + j \\cdot d_y\\), \\(j = 0, 1, \\ldots, n_y\\)<\/li>\n<li>Direcci\u00f3n \\(z\\): \\(d_z = \\frac{f-e}{n_z}\\), con puntos \\(z_k = e + k \\cdot d_z\\), \\(k = 0, 1, \\ldots, n_z\\)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>La aproximaci\u00f3n viene dada por:<\/p>\n<p>\\[<br \/>\nI \\approx \\frac{d_x d_y d_z}{27} \\sum_{i=0}^{n_x} \\sum_{j=0}^{n_y} \\sum_{k=0}^{n_z} w_i w_j w_k \\, f(x_i, y_j, z_k)<br \/>\n\\]<\/p>\n<p>donde los pesos \\(w_i\\) siguen el patr\u00f3n unidimensional de Simpson:<\/p>\n<p>\\[<br \/>\nw_i = \\begin{cases}<br \/>\n1 &#038; \\text{si } i = 0 \\text{ o } i = n \\\\<br \/>\n4 &#038; \\text{si } i \\text{ es impar} \\\\<br \/>\n2 &#038; \\text{si } i \\text{ es par y } i \\neq 0, n<br \/>\n\\end{cases}<br \/>\n\\]<br \/>\n<!-- Ejemplo pr\u00e1ctico --><br \/>\n<script>\nfunction showHtmlDiv1x1234() {\n  var htmlShow1x1234 = document.getElementById(\"html-show1x1234\");\n  if (htmlShow1x1234.style.display === \"none\") {\n    htmlShow1x1234.style.display = \"block\";\n  } else {\n    htmlShow1x1234.style.display = \"none\";\n  }\n}\n<\/script> <\/p>\n<p><button onclick=\"showHtmlDiv1x1234()\">Ejemplo<\/button><\/p>\n<div id=\"html-show1x1234\" style=\"display: none;\">\nEn un estudio farmacol\u00f3gico, la concentraci\u00f3n de un antibi\u00f3tico (en \u03bcg\/mL) en un bloque de tejido hep\u00e1tico viene dada por:<\/p>\n<p>\\[<br \/>\nf(x,y,z) = 100 e^{-(x^2 + y^2 + z^2)}<br \/>\n\\]<\/p>\n<p>donde \\(x\\), \\(y\\), \\(z\\) se miden en cent\u00edmetros. Se desea calcular la cantidad total del f\u00e1rmaco en el volumen rectangular \\(V = [0, 1] \\times [0, 1] \\times [0, 1]\\) cm\u00b3 utilizando el <strong>m\u00e9todo de Simpson compuesto 1\/3<\/strong> con \\(n = 2\\) subintervalos en cada direcci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n<h3> Soluci\u00f3n Detallada<\/h3>\n<h4> Paso 1: Planteamiento de la integral<\/h4>\n<p>La cantidad total del f\u00e1rmaco en el volumen \\(V\\) viene dada por:<\/p>\n<p>\\[<br \/>\nI = \\iiint_V f(x,y,z) \\, dV = \\int_0^1 \\int_0^1 \\int_0^1 100 e^{-(x^2 + y^2 + z^2)} \\, dz \\, dy \\, dx<br \/>\n\\]<\/p>\n<h4> Paso 2: Discretizaci\u00f3n del dominio<\/h4>\n<p>Para \\(n = 2\\) subintervalos en cada direcci\u00f3n:<\/p>\n<p><strong>Direcci\u00f3n \\(x\\):<\/strong> \\(a = 0\\), \\(b = 1\\), \\(n_x = 2\\)<br \/>\n\\[<br \/>\nd_x = \\frac{1 &#8211; 0}{2} = 0.5<br \/>\n\\]<br \/>\nPuntos: \\(x_0 = 0\\), \\(x_1 = 0.5\\), \\(x_2 = 1\\)<\/p>\n<p><strong>Direcci\u00f3n \\(y\\):<\/strong> \\(c = 0\\), \\(d = 1\\), \\(n_y = 2\\)<br \/>\n\\[<br \/>\nd_y = \\frac{1 &#8211; 0}{2} = 0.5<br \/>\n\\]<br \/>\nPuntos: \\(y_0 = 0\\), \\(y_1 = 0.5\\), \\(y_2 = 1\\)<\/p>\n<p><strong>Direcci\u00f3n \\(z\\):<\/strong> \\(e = 0\\), \\(f = 1\\), \\(n_z = 2\\)<br \/>\n\\[<br \/>\nd_z = \\frac{1 &#8211; 0}{2} = 0.5<br \/>\n\\]<br \/>\nPuntos: \\(z_0 = 0\\), \\(z_1 = 0.5\\), \\(z_2 = 1\\)<\/p>\n<p><strong>Vector de pesos:<\/strong> Para \\(n = 2\\), los pesos son: \\((1, 4, 1)\\)<\/p>\n<h4> Paso 3: Evaluaci\u00f3n de la funci\u00f3n en todos los nodos<\/h4>\n<p>Calculamos \\(f(x_i, y_j, z_k) = 100 e^{-(x_i^2 + y_j^2 + z_k^2)}\\) para los 27 puntos de la malla \\(3 \\times 3 \\times 3\\):<\/p>\n<p><strong>Plano \\(z = 0\\) (\\(z_0 = 0\\)):<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\\[<br \/>\n\\begin{array}{|c|c|c|c|}<br \/>\n\\hline<br \/>\ny \\backslash x &#038; 0 &#038; 0.5 &#038; 1 \\\\<br \/>\n\\hline<br \/>\n0 &#038; 100.0000 &#038; 77.8801 &#038; 36.7879 \\\\<br \/>\n\\hline<br \/>\n0.5 &#038; 77.8801 &#038; 60.6531 &#038; 28.6505 \\\\<br \/>\n\\hline<br \/>\n1 &#038; 36.7879 &#038; 28.6505 &#038; 13.5335 \\\\<br \/>\n\\hline<br \/>\n\\end{array}<br \/>\n\\]<\/p>\n<p><strong>Plano \\(z = 0.5\\) (\\(z_1 = 0.5\\)):<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\\[<br \/>\n\\begin{array}{|c|c|c|c|}<br \/>\n\\hline<br \/>\ny \\backslash x &#038; 0 &#038; 0.5 &#038; 1 \\\\<br \/>\n\\hline<br \/>\n0 &#038; 77.8801 &#038; 60.6531 &#038; 28.6505 \\\\<br \/>\n\\hline<br \/>\n0.5 &#038; 60.6531 &#038; 47.2367 &#038; 22.3130 \\\\<br \/>\n\\hline<br \/>\n1 &#038; 28.6505 &#038; 22.3130 &#038; 10.5399 \\\\<br \/>\n\\hline<br \/>\n\\end{array}<br \/>\n\\]<\/p>\n<p><strong>Plano \\(z = 1\\) (\\(z_2 = 1\\)):<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\\[<br \/>\n\\begin{array}{|c|c|c|c|}<br \/>\n\\hline<br \/>\ny \\backslash x &#038; 0 &#038; 0.5 &#038; 1 \\\\<br \/>\n\\hline<br \/>\n0 &#038; 36.7879 &#038; 28.6505 &#038; 13.5335 \\\\<br \/>\n\\hline<br \/>\n0.5 &#038; 28.6505 &#038; 22.3130 &#038; 10.5399 \\\\<br \/>\n\\hline<br \/>\n1 &#038; 13.5335 &#038; 10.5399 &#038; 4.9787 \\\\<br \/>\n\\hline<br \/>\n\\end{array}<br \/>\n\\]<\/p>\n<p><strong>C\u00e1lculos de verificaci\u00f3n:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\\(f(0,0,0) = 100 e^{0} = 100\\)<\/li>\n<li>\\(f(0.5,0.5,0.5) = 100 e^{-(0.25+0.25+0.25)} = 100 e^{-0.75} \\approx 47.2367\\)<\/li>\n<li>\\(f(1,1,1) = 100 e^{-3} \\approx 4.9787\\)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4> Paso 4: C\u00e1lculo de la suma ponderada<\/h4>\n<p>Para cada punto \\((i,j,k)\\), el peso combinado es \\(w_i \\cdot w_j \\cdot w_k\\).<\/p>\n<p>La f\u00f3rmula es:<br \/>\n\\[<br \/>\nS = \\sum_{i=0}^{2} \\sum_{j=0}^{2} \\sum_{k=0}^{2} (w_i \\cdot w_j \\cdot w_k) \\cdot f(x_i, y_j, z_k)<br \/>\n\\]<\/p>\n<p>Organizamos por planos:<\/p>\n<p><strong>Plano \\(z = 0\\) (peso en z: \\(w_0 = 1\\)):<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\\[<br \/>\n\\begin{align}<br \/>\nS_0 &#038;= (1 \\cdot 1 \\cdot 1) \\cdot 100 + (1 \\cdot 4 \\cdot 1) \\cdot 77.8801 + (1 \\cdot 1 \\cdot 1) \\cdot 36.7879 \\\\<br \/>\n&#038;\\quad + (4 \\cdot 1 \\cdot 1) \\cdot 77.8801 + (4 \\cdot 4 \\cdot 1) \\cdot 60.6531 + (4 \\cdot 1 \\cdot 1) \\cdot 28.6505 \\\\<br \/>\n&#038;\\quad + (1 \\cdot 1 \\cdot 1) \\cdot 36.7879 + (1 \\cdot 4 \\cdot 1) \\cdot 28.6505 + (1 \\cdot 1 \\cdot 1) \\cdot 13.5335<br \/>\n\\end{align}<br \/>\n\\]<\/p>\n<p>\\[<br \/>\nS_0 = 100 + 311.5204 + 36.7879 + 311.5204 + 970.4496 + 114.6020 + 36.7879 + 114.6020 + 13.5335 = 2009.8037<br \/>\n\\]<\/p>\n<p><strong>Plano \\(z = 0.5\\) (peso en z: \\(w_1 = 4\\)):<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\\[<br \/>\n\\begin{align}<br \/>\nS_1 &#038;= (1 \\cdot 1 \\cdot 4) \\cdot 77.8801 + (1 \\cdot 4 \\cdot 4) \\cdot 60.6531 + (1 \\cdot 1 \\cdot 4) \\cdot 28.6505 \\\\<br \/>\n&#038;\\quad + (4 \\cdot 1 \\cdot 4) \\cdot 60.6531 + (4 \\cdot 4 \\cdot 4) \\cdot 47.2367 + (4 \\cdot 1 \\cdot 4) \\cdot 22.3130 \\\\<br \/>\n&#038;\\quad + (1 \\cdot 1 \\cdot 4) \\cdot 28.6505 + (1 \\cdot 4 \\cdot 4) \\cdot 22.3130 + (1 \\cdot 1 \\cdot 4) \\cdot 10.5399<br \/>\n\\end{align}<br \/>\n\\]<\/p>\n<p>\\[<br \/>\nS_1 = 311.5204 + 970.4496 + 114.6020 + 970.4496 + 3021.9488 + 1428.0320 + 114.6020 + 358.0080 + 42.1596 = 7331.7720<br \/>\n\\]<\/p>\n<p><strong>Plano \\(z = 1\\) (peso en z: \\(w_2 = 1\\)):<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\\[<br \/>\nS_2 = 36.7879 + 114.6020 + 13.5335 + 114.6020 + 358.0080 + 42.1596 + 13.5335 + 42.1596 + 4.9787 = 740.3648<br \/>\n\\]<\/p>\n<p><strong>Suma total:<\/strong><br \/>\n\\[<br \/>\nS = S_0 + S_1 + S_2 = 2009.8037 + 7331.7720 + 740.3648 = 10081.9405<br \/>\n\\]<\/p>\n<h4> Paso 5: Resultado final<\/h4>\n<p>\\[<br \/>\n\\begin{align}<br \/>\nI \\approx \\frac{h_x h_y h_z}{27} \\cdot S &#038;= \\frac{0.5 \\cdot 0.5 \\cdot 0.5}{27} \\cdot 10081.9405\\\\<br \/>\n&#038;= \\frac{0.125}{27} \\cdot 10081.9405\\\\ &#038;= 0.004630 \\cdot 10081.9405\\\\ &#038;\\approx 46.675 \\text{ \u03bcg}<br \/>\n\\]<\/p>\n<h3>Interpretaci\u00f3n del Resultado<\/h3>\n<p>La cantidad total de antibi\u00f3tico presente en el volumen de 1 cm\u00b3 de tejido hep\u00e1tico es aproximadamente <strong>46.68 \u03bcg<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>La distribuci\u00f3n exponencial \\(f(x,y,z) = 100 e^{-(x^2 + y^2 + z^2)}\\) representa:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>M\u00e1xima concentraci\u00f3n (100 \u03bcg\/mL) en el origen (punto de inyecci\u00f3n o fuente)<\/li>\n<li>Disminuci\u00f3n exponencial radial debido a la difusi\u00f3n del f\u00e1rmaco<\/li>\n<li>Menor concentraci\u00f3n en las esquinas alejadas del origen<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Este modelo es realista para describir la farmacocin\u00e9tica espacial de un f\u00e1rmaco administrado localmente en tejido, donde la concentraci\u00f3n decrece seg\u00fan la distancia euclidiana desde el punto de administraci\u00f3n.\n<\/p><\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<h3> Observaciones sobre el M\u00e9todo<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Ventajas del M\u00e9todo de Simpson para integrales triples:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Mayor precisi\u00f3n que el m\u00e9todo del trapecio con el mismo n\u00famero de puntos<\/li>\n<li>Error de orden \\(O(d^4)\\) para funciones suficientemente suaves<\/li>\n<li>F\u00e1cil implementaci\u00f3n computacional<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Limitaciones:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Requiere que \\(n\\) sea par en cada direcci\u00f3n<\/li>\n<li>El n\u00famero de evaluaciones de funci\u00f3n crece como \\((n+1)^3\\), lo que puede ser costoso para \\(n\\) grande<\/li>\n<li>Solo aplicable a dominios rectangulares (para otros dominios se necesitan transformaciones)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Complejidad computacional:<\/strong> Para este ejemplo con \\(n=2\\), evaluamos la funci\u00f3n en \\(3 \\times 3 \\times 3 = 27\\) puntos. Para \\(n=4\\), necesitar\u00edamos \\(5 \\times 5 \\times 5 = 125\\) evaluaciones.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Aproximaci\u00f3n num\u00e9rica para Integrales Dobles Regla del Punto Medio (Rect\u00e1ngulo) para Integrales Dobles Supongamos que tenemos una funci\u00f3n escalar \\( f(x, y) \\) definida y continua en un rect\u00e1ngulo \\( R =&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[5],"class_list":["post-541","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-mathbio","tag-practicas-mathbio"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/clases.jesussoto.es\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/541","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/clases.jesussoto.es\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/clases.jesussoto.es\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/clases.jesussoto.es\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/clases.jesussoto.es\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=541"}],"version-history":[{"count":38,"href":"https:\/\/clases.jesussoto.es\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/541\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":594,"href":"https:\/\/clases.jesussoto.es\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/541\/revisions\/594"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/clases.jesussoto.es\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=541"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/clases.jesussoto.es\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=541"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/clases.jesussoto.es\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=541"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}