{"id":334,"date":"2025-10-20T08:18:58","date_gmt":"2025-10-20T06:18:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/clases.jesussoto.es\/?p=334"},"modified":"2025-10-20T21:45:15","modified_gmt":"2025-10-20T19:45:15","slug":"alg-subespacios-vectoriales","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/clases.jesussoto.es\/?p=334","title":{"rendered":"ALG: Subespacios vectoriales"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Recordemos que un subespacio vectorial es el subconjunto de un espacio vectorial, que satisface por s\u00ed mismo la definici\u00f3n de espacio vectorial con las mismas operaciones que V el espacio vectorial original.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p> Sea \\(V\\) un espacio vectorial sobre \\(\\mathbb{K}\\), y \\(U\\subset V\\) no vac\u00edo, \\(U\\) es un subespacio vectorial de \\(V\\) si:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\\(\\forall \\mathbf {v},\\mathbf {u} \\in U\\), \\(\\mathbf {v}+\\mathbf {u} \\in U\\)<\/li>\n<li>\\(\\forall \\mathbf {u}\\in U\\), \\(\\forall a\\in \\mathbb{K}\\), \\(a\\mathbf {u}\\in U\\)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>Un resultado pr\u00e1ctico que nos ayudar\u00e1 a determinar los subespacios vectoriales es el siguiente:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\nSi \\(V\\) es un \\(\\mathbb{K}\\)-espacio vectorial, entonces un subconjunto no vac\u00edo \\(S\\) de \\(V\\) es un subespacio vectorial si y s\u00f3lo si para cualesquiera dos vectores \\(\\vec{v}, \\vec{w}\\in S\\) y cualesquiera escalares \\(\\lambda,\\mu\\in\\mathbb{K}\\), pertenecientes al cuerpo asociado, entonces el vector \\(\\lambda\\vec{v}+\\mu\\vec{w}\\in S\\).\n<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h2>Operaciones con subespacios<\/h2>\n<p>Sea \\({\\displaystyle (V,+,\\mathbb{K},*)}\\) un espacio vectorial; \\({\\displaystyle (S,+,\\mathbb{K},*)}\\) y \\({\\displaystyle (W,+,\\mathbb{K},*)}\\) subespacios vectoriales de \\({\\displaystyle V}\\), se definen las siguientes operaciones:<\/p>\n<h3>\\(\\bullet\\)<strong>Uni\u00f3n<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>\\[{\\displaystyle S\\cup W=\\left\\{\\mathbf {v} \\in V| \\mathbf {v} \\in S\\ {\\text{o}}\\ \\mathbf {v} \\in W\\right\\}}\\]<br \/>\nEn general, la uni\u00f3n de subespacios no es un subespacio; solo lo ser\u00e1 si uno est\u00e1 contenido en el otro (\\(S\\subseteq W\\) \u00f3 \\(W\\subseteq S\\)).<\/p>\n<h3>\\(\\bullet\\)<strong>Intersecci\u00f3n<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>\\[{\\displaystyle S\\cap W=\\left\\{\\mathbf {v} \\in V| \\mathbf {v} \\in S\\ {\\text{y}}\\ \\mathbf {v} \\in W\\right\\}}\\]<br \/>\nLa intersecci\u00f3n de dos subespacios es un subespacio.<\/p>\n<h3>\\(\\bullet\\)<strong>Suma<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>\\[{\\displaystyle S+W=\\left\\{\\mathbf {v} \\in V| \\mathbf {v} =(\\mathbf {u_{1}} +\\mathbf {u_{2}} )\\wedge \\mathbf {u_{1}} \\in S\\wedge \\mathbf {u_{2}} \\in W\\right\\}}\\]<br \/>\nLa suma de dos subespacios es un subespacio de \\(V\\).<\/p>\n<h3>\\(\\bullet\\)<strong>Suma directa<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Si la intersecci\u00f3n entre \\(S\\) y \\(W\\) es el subespacio trivial (es decir, el vector nulo), entonces a la suma se la llama \u00absuma directa\u00bb. Es decir que si<br \/>\n\\[{\\displaystyle S\\cap W=\\left\\{{\\vec {0}}\\right\\}\\Rightarrow S\\oplus W}\\]<br \/>\nEsto significa que todo vector de \\(S+W\\), se escribe de manera \u00fanica como la suma de un vector de \\(S\\) y otro de \\(W\\).<\/p>\n<h3>\\(\\bullet\\)<strong>Subespacios suplementarios<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Se dice que los subespacios \\(S\\) y \\(W\\) son suplementarios cuando verifican que su suma directa es igual al espacio vectorial \\(V\\):<br \/>\n\\[{\\displaystyle S\\oplus W=\\;V\\;\\leftrightarrow \\;{\\begin{cases}S+W=\\;V\\\\S\\cap W=\\left\\lbrace {\\overset {\\rightarrow }{0}}\\right\\rbrace \\end{cases}}}\\]<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong>Ejercicio:<\/strong> Sea \\(S=\\left\\{\\begin{bmatrix}a&#038;2b\\\\a-b&#038;a+b\\end{bmatrix};a,b\\in\\mathbb{R}\\right\\}\\) y \\(T=\\left\\{\\begin{bmatrix}c+3d&#038;2c+d\\\\ d&#038;2c-d\\end{bmatrix};c,d\\in\\mathbb{R}\\right\\}\\), determinar una base del subespacio vectorial \\(S+T\\).\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script>\nfunction showHtmlDiv1c() {\n  var htmlShow1c = document.getElementById(\"html-show1c\");\n  if (htmlShow1c.style.display === \"none\") {\n    htmlShow1c.style.display = \"block\";\n  } else {\n    htmlShow1c.style.display = \"none\";\n  }\n}\n<\/script><\/p>\n<p><button onclick=\"showHtmlDiv1c()\">Soluci\u00f3n:<\/button><\/p>\n<div id=\"html-show1c\" style=\"display: none;\">\nObservemos que \\[\\begin{bmatrix}c+3d&#038;2c+d\\\\ d&#038;2c-d\\end{bmatrix}= c\\begin{bmatrix}1&#038;2\\\\0&#038;2\\end{bmatrix}+d\\begin{bmatrix}3&#038;1\\\\1&#038;-1\\end{bmatrix}.\\]<br \/>\nLuego \\(\\left\\{\\begin{bmatrix}1&#038;2\\\\0&#038;2\\end{bmatrix},\\begin{bmatrix}3&#038;1\\\\1&#038;-1\\end{bmatrix}\\right\\}\\) es un sistema generador de \\(T\\). Utilizando el ejercicio anterior:<br \/>\n\\[S+T=\\mathbf{Gen}\\left\\{\\begin{bmatrix}1&#038;0\\\\1&#038;1\\end{bmatrix},\\begin{bmatrix}0&#038;2\\\\-1&#038;1\\end{bmatrix},\\begin{bmatrix}1&#038;2\\\\0&#038;2\\end{bmatrix},\\begin{bmatrix}3&#038;1\\\\1&#038;-1\\end{bmatrix}\\right\\}\\] Ahora solo necesitamos quitar los vectores l.d.\n<\/div>\n<hr>\n<blockquote><p><strong>Ejercicio:<\/strong> Dado el ejercicio anterior deducir qui\u00e9n es \\(S\\cap T\\)\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script>\nfunction showHtmlDiv1d() {\n  var htmlShow1d = document.getElementById(\"html-show1d\");\n  if (htmlShow1d.style.display === \"none\") {\n    htmlShow1d.style.display = \"block\";\n  } else {\n    htmlShow1d.style.display = \"none\";\n  }\n}\n<\/script><\/p>\n<p><button onclick=\"showHtmlDiv1d()\">Soluci\u00f3n:<\/button><\/p>\n<div id=\"html-show1d\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\\[S\\cap T=\\mathbf{Gen}\\left\\{\\begin{bmatrix}1&#038;2\\\\0&#038;2\\end{bmatrix}\\right\\}\\]\n<\/div>\n<hr>\n<blockquote><p><strong>Ejercicio:<\/strong> Sea \\(S=\\mathbf{Gen}\\left\\{(1,1,0,0),(0,1,0,1),(0,0,1,0)\\right\\}\\), y \\(T=\\mathbf{Gen}\\left\\{(1,0,1,0),(0,1,1,0)\\right\\}\\) determinar una base del subespacio vectorial \\(S+T\\).\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script>\nfunction showHtmlDiv2a2() {\n  var htmlShow2a2 = document.getElementById(\"html-show2a2\");\n  if (htmlShow2a2.style.display === \"none\") {\n    htmlShow2a2.style.display = \"block\";\n  } else {\n    htmlShow2a2.style.display = \"none\";\n  }\n}\n<\/script><\/p>\n<p><button onclick=\"showHtmlDiv2a2()\">Soluci\u00f3n:<\/button><\/p>\n<div id=\"html-show2a2\" style=\"display: none;\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"\u00c1lgebra Lineal - Suma de Subespacios Vectoriales. Ej. 2 - Jes\u00fas Soto\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/i59QCa7Ny4I?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n<hr>\n<blockquote><p><strong>Ejercicio:<\/strong> Sea \\(S=\\left\\{(x,y,z,t)\\in\\mathbb{R}^4;\\ x-y+t=0\\right\\}\\), y \\(T=\\mathbf{Gen}\\left\\{(1,0,-1,0),(0,1,1,0)\\right\\}\\) determinar una base de los subespacios vectoriales \\(S+T\\) y \\(S\\cap T\\).\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script>\nfunction showHtmlDiv2a21() {\n  var htmlShow2a21 = document.getElementById(\"html-show2a21\");\n  if (htmlShow2a21.style.display === \"none\") {\n    htmlShow2a21.style.display = \"block\";\n  } else {\n    htmlShow2a21.style.display = \"none\";\n  }\n}\n<\/script><\/p>\n<p><button onclick=\"showHtmlDiv2a21()\">Soluci\u00f3n:<\/button><\/p>\n<div id=\"html-show2a21\" style=\"display: none;\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"\u00c1lgebra Lineal - Suma de Subespacios Ejemplo 1 - Jes\u00fas Soto\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Kgo0bWhWdx4?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n<hr>\n<blockquote><p><strong>Ejercicio:<\/strong> Sea \\(S=\\left\\{\\begin{bmatrix}a&#038;a\\\\ b&#038;c\\end{bmatrix}\\in\\mathbb{C}\\right\\}\\), y \\(T=\\left\\{\\begin{bmatrix}a&#038;-a\\\\ b&#038; 0\\end{bmatrix}\\in\\mathbb{C}\\right\\}\\) determinar una base de los subespacios vectoriales \\(S+T\\) y \\(S\\cap T\\).\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script>\nfunction showHtmlDiv2a211() {\n  var htmlShow2a211 = document.getElementById(\"html-show2a211\");\n  if (htmlShow2a211.style.display === \"none\") {\n    htmlShow2a211.style.display = \"block\";\n  } else {\n    htmlShow2a211.style.display = \"none\";\n  }\n}\n<\/script><\/p>\n<p><button onclick=\"showHtmlDiv2a211()\">Soluci\u00f3n:<\/button><\/p>\n<div id=\"html-show2a211\" style=\"display: none;\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"\u00c1lgebra Lineal - Suma de Subespacios Vectoriales. Ej. 3 - Jes\u00fas Soto\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/oa1mXyDYEdw?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n<hr>\n<p>Con lo que hemos visto podemos concluir:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\nSean \\(S\\) y \\(W\\) dos subespacios vectoriales del mismo espacio vectorial. Y sean \\(B_S\\) y \\(B_W\\) dos bases respectivas de los subespacios vectoriales. Construyamos la matriz cuyas filas son las coordenadas de los vectores de cada base: \\[M=\\begin{bmatrix}B_S\\\\ B_W\\end{bmatrix}.\\]<br \/>\nEntonces, los vectores l.i. de \\(M\\) constituyen una base de \\(S+W\\), y los vectores l.d. una base de \\(S\\cap W\\).\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<h2>F\u00f3rmula de Grassmann<\/h2>\n<p>Dado un espacio vectorial sobre un cuerpo cualquiera, sean \\(S\\) y \\(W\\) dos conjuntos que determinan subespacios. La f\u00f3rmula de Grassmann relaciona las dimensiones de \\(S\\) y \\(W\\) de la siguiente manera<\/p>\n<p>\\[\\mathbf{dim}(S)\\, +\\, \\mathbf{dim}(W)=\\mathbf{dim}(S+W)\\,+\\, \\mathbf{dim}(S\\cap W).\\]<\/p>\n<hr>\n<h3>Bibliograf\u00eda<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00c1lgebra lineal y sus aplicaciones. 5\u00ba edici\u00f3n, David C. Lay. Pearson. 2016.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr>\n<table id=\"yzpi\" border=\"0\" width=\"100%\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"3\" bgcolor=\"#999999\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"100%\"><strong>Ejercicio:<\/strong>  Sea \\(S=\\left\\{\\begin{bmatrix}a+2 c-b &#038; a-b+c\\\\<br \/>\nb-a+3 c &#038; a+b-c\\end{bmatrix}|\\ a,b,c\\in\\mathbb{R}\\right\\}\\). \u00bfCu\u00e1l de las siguientes matrices pertenece a \\(S\\)?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<div id=\"menu-a\">\n<ul>\n<li>\\(\\begin{bmatrix}7 &#038; 6\\\\ -2 &#038; 0\\end{bmatrix}\\)<\/li>\n<li>\\(\\begin{bmatrix}-7 &#038; 6\\\\ 2 &#038; 0\\end{bmatrix}\\)<\/li>\n<li>\\(\\begin{bmatrix}7 &#038; 6\\\\ 0 &#038; 2\\end{bmatrix}\\)<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><script>\nfunction showHtmlDiv() {\n  var htmlShow = document.getElementById(\"html-show\");\n  if (htmlShow.style.display === \"none\") {\n    htmlShow.style.display = \"block\";\n  } else {\n    htmlShow.style.display = \"none\";\n  }\n}\n<\/script> <\/p>\n<p><button onclick=\"showHtmlDiv()\">Soluci\u00f3n:<\/button><\/p>\n<div id=\"html-show\" style=\"display: none;\">\n<p><strong>A.)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Recordemos que un subespacio vectorial es el subconjunto de un espacio vectorial, que satisface por s\u00ed mismo la definici\u00f3n de espacio vectorial con las mismas operaciones que V el espacio vectorial original&#8230;.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-334","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-algebra"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/clases.jesussoto.es\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/334","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/clases.jesussoto.es\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/clases.jesussoto.es\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/clases.jesussoto.es\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/clases.jesussoto.es\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=334"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/clases.jesussoto.es\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/334\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":364,"href":"https:\/\/clases.jesussoto.es\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/334\/revisions\/364"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/clases.jesussoto.es\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=334"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/clases.jesussoto.es\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=334"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/clases.jesussoto.es\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=334"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}